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Recently, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) has been proposed as a potential signalling molecule with functions similar to H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S, though their interplay remains unclear. Here, we elucidated their relationship in\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Fluorometric analysis confirmed phytoalexin deficient3 (PAD3) as an HCN synthase, with significantly elevated HCN levels in OE\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>PAD3<\/jats:italic>\n                    and reduced levels in the\n                    <jats:italic>pad3<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant. Subsequent experiments revealed that under salt stress, H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S enhanced ROS scavenging while HCN promoted accumulation, with the\n                    <jats:italic>pad3<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009+\u2009H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S treatment showing significantly improved salt tolerance. Under drought conditions, H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S induced stomatal closure to reduce water loss, whereas HCN promoted stomatal opening, resulting in the\n                    <jats:italic>pad3<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009+\u2009H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S treatment demonstrating optimal drought resistance. Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurements showed that HCN suppressed, while H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S enhanced cellular oxygen consumption. Notably, H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S and HCN cooperate to maintain respiratory homoeostasis under osmotic stress and enhance plant tolerance. Mechanistically, the biotin switch assay confirmed H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S\u2010mediated persulfidation of PAD3 at Cys440, thereby enhancing its enzymatic activity. Conversely, HCN suppresses the expression of H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S synthase\u2010encoding genes, thereby inhibiting H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S synthesis. This study demonstrates that H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S maintains H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S\u2010HCN homoeostasis through PAD3 persulfidation, thereby optimizing cellular OCR and consequently enhancing plant tolerance to osmotic stress.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.70593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T12:11:09Z","timestamp":1778155869000},"page":"5965-5978","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["H\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    S\u2010Induced PAD3 Persulfidation Balances H\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    S\u2010HCN Homoeostasis for Osmotic Stress Tolerance in\n                    <i>Arabidopsis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8728-9692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenze","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, School of Life Science Shanxi University Taiyuan Shanxi Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2045-2915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, School of Life Science Shanxi University Taiyuan Shanxi Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4111-772X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songling","family":"Bo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional 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