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Yet, how temperate tree species tolerate these combined stresses remains elusive. Using single\u2010tree gas\u2010exchange chambers, we examined the response of leaf gas exchange and thermoregulation of three broadleaved tree species to a stepwise increase in air temperature (25\u00b0C\u201345\u00b0C) along with VPD (2.5\u20137.9\u2009kPa) under well\u2010watered and moderate drought conditions, followed by a 2\u2010day recovery at 25\u00b0C. Across species, heat stress increased transpiration but reduced net assimilation, leading to sharp declines in water\u2010use efficiency. Alongside, leaf cooling intensified, driving leaf temperatures below air temperature. Under moderate drought, restricted stomatal conductance reduced transpirational cooling, causing leaf temperatures to exceed air temperature and increasing heat\u2010related damage. Species differed markedly in their heat responses along the isohydric\u2013anisohydric spectrum. Isohydric\n                    <jats:italic>Acer platanoides<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed early stomatal closure, limited cooling, severe leaf damage, and poor recovery. Anisohydric\n                    <jats:italic>Quercus robur<\/jats:italic>\n                    maintained gas exchange, exhibited minimal leaf damage and recovered rapidly, while\n                    <jats:italic>Fagus sylvatica<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed intermediate responses. Together, these results highlight that the ability of temperate trees to withstand future heatwaves will depend on the interplay between water availability, transpirational cooling, as well as species\u2010specific hydraulic strategy and heat\u00a0tolerance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.70605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T04:36:05Z","timestamp":1779078965000},"page":"6296-6310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Water Availability and Hydraulic Strategies Control Leaf Thermoregulation and Damage During Heat Stress and Recovery in Temperate Tree Species"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6557-0097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana K.","family":"Zeppan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research \u2010 Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK\u2010IFU), KIT\u2010Campus Alpin Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Garmisch\u2010Partenkirchen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"H\u00fclsmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecosystem Analysis and Simulation (EASI) Lab University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany"},{"name":"Bayreuth Centre of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Kn\u00fcver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research \u2010 Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK\u2010IFU), KIT\u2010Campus Alpin Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Garmisch\u2010Partenkirchen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanick","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research \u2010 Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK\u2010IFU), KIT\u2010Campus Alpin Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Garmisch\u2010Partenkirchen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine K.","family":"Ruehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research \u2010 Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK\u2010IFU), KIT\u2010Campus Alpin Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Garmisch\u2010Partenkirchen Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Geography and Geoecology (IfGG) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Karlsruhe Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erad063"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20108137.2012.04267.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2025.128819"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11258\u2010014\u20100352\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ffgc.2018.00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16471"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"BMEL. 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