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While K deprivation reduces\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>\n                    via anatomical alterations, the mechanistic interplay between subcellular K\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    distribution and chloroplast\u2010level structural determinants remains elusive. Field experiments using two\n                    <jats:italic>Brassica napus<\/jats:italic>\n                    L. cultivars with contrasting K utilization efficiencies (KUtE) were employed to resolve how subcellular K\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    dynamics regulate\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>\n                    through hierarchical structural modifications. Under mild K deficiency (50% of sufficient K supply), reduced vacuolar K\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    restricted mesophyll cell expansion, increasing cell density and reducing the intercellular airspace (\n                    <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>ias<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Despite elevated gas\u2010phase CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    diffusion resistance, liquid\u2010phase conductance was maintained. Under severe K deficiency (K deprivation), reduced chloroplastic K\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    decreased chloroplast density and size, lowering the chloroplast surface area facing intercellular airspaces (\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Cytosolic K\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    depletion further increased cytosolic CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    transport resistance. The\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduction was stronger in the low\u2010KUtE cultivar, consistent with its sharper subcellular K\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    decline. Hydroponic experiments further confirmed that subcellular K\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    depletion reduced vacuolar metal ions but induced accumulations of organic acids and sugars, while Na\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and sugars increased in chloroplasts, disrupting osmotic balance and aggravating structural impairment. These findings reveal that subcellular K\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    regulates\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>\n                    by remodeling mesophyll and chloroplast structures.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.70633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T06:05:30Z","timestamp":1780380330000},"page":"6635-6652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Subcellular Potassium Ion\u2010Mediated Structural Coordination Between Mesophyll Cells and Chloroplasts Determines CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Mesophyll Conductance"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0832-6609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hehe","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China"},{"name":"Microelement Research Center Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China"},{"name":"Microelement Research Center Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China"},{"name":"Microelement Research Center Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 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