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Here, we generated a single\u2010nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA\u2010seq) atlas from the cambium to mature xylem region in stems, resolving transcriptionally distinct cell populations corresponding to cambium, xylem mother cells, and fibre\u2010vessel cells. Pseudotime analysis reconstructed the developmental trajectories from cambium to late xylem cell states and revealed stage\u2010specific activation of secondary cell wall (SCW) biosynthesis programmes. Gene regulatory network analysis identified\n                    <jats:italic>HbWRKY12a<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a fibre\u2010vessel enriched transcription factor functioning as a key regulator in SCW formation. Molecular assays demonstrated that HbWRKY12a directly binds and activates\n                    <jats:italic>HbMYB1R1c<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which subsequently modulates lignin\u2010associated SCW deposition. Heterologous overexpression of either\n                    <jats:italic>HbWRKY12a<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>HbMYB1R1c<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Arabidopsis resulted in significant reductions in stem diameter and plant height. Both overexpression lines exhibited markedly decreased SCW thickness in fibre, vessels, and pith cells. These findings reveal a WRKY\u2010MYB cascade that mediates SCW formation in\n                    <jats:italic>H. brasiliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , extending the classical NAC\u2010MYB regulatory framework and providing molecular targets for improving xylem properties and stress resilience in tropical perennial crops.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.70733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T06:32:36Z","timestamp":1783924356000},"page":"8211-8229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Single\u2010Nucleus RNA Sequencing Reveals WRKY12a Regulating Secondary Cell Wall Formation During Xylem Differentiation in Rubber Tree"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Jinjing","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China"},{"name":"College of Life Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China"},{"name":"College of Biological Science and Food Engineering Southwest Forestry University Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junchao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China"},{"name":"College of Life Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 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Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weimin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Menglun China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7580-8301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guiling","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China"},{"name":"College of Life Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 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