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Based on studies in C3 plants, elevated CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (eCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) can shape plant\u2010pathogen interactions, although the outcomes are often variable. The question of how eCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    influences immunity and disease development in C4 plants, such as the globally important cereal crop maize (\n                    <jats:italic>Zea mays<\/jats:italic>\n                    L.), has not been systematically examined. We challenged maize plants grown under ambient CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (aCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , 420 ppm) and eCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (550 ppm) with bacterial, viral, fungal, and oomycete pathogens. Plants grown in eCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    were more susceptible to sugarcane mosaic virus, suggesting compromised antiviral defenses, less susceptible to\n                    <jats:italic>Clavibacter nebraskensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Exserohilum turcicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Colletotrichum graminicola<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and susceptibility to\n                    <jats:italic>Puccinia sorghi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Pythium sylvaticum<\/jats:italic>\n                    was unchanged. Reduced susceptibility to\n                    <jats:italic>C. nebraskensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    was associated with enhanced basal immune responses. These results establish a foundation for dissecting eCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010responsive defense mechanisms, and they highlight a critical need to understand how eCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    will impact plant responses to microbes, pests, and abiotic stresses under future conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.70782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T14:12:37Z","timestamp":1785507157000},"page":"8828-8850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Atmospheric CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Levels on the Susceptibility of Maize to Diverse Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4013-941X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekkachai","family":"Khwanbua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Current affiliation: Department of Biology University of Washington Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University Ames Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6876-8888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunhui","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics Iowa State University Ames Iowa USA"},{"name":"Department of Data Science Dana\u2010Farber Cancer Institute Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5159-8746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Ssengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University Ames Iowa USA"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Genetics and Genomics Iowa State University Ames Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2093-8018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics Iowa State University Ames Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9842-7701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle A.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit and Department of Agronomy Iowa State University Ames Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3542-3188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven A.","family":"Whitham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University Ames Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25221\/fee.351.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15375"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2007.01641.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2024.0230"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/75556"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4811-8-47"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13007-019-0504-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-004-1572-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI-07-21-0189-FI"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-10-21-2147-FE"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PHP-02-21-0046-FI"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y59-099"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Studi onore del professore salvatore ortu carboni","author":"Bonferroni C. 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