{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T10:30:49Z","timestamp":1787135449444,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Plant Cell &amp;amp; Environment"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Gene duplication with sub\u2010 and\/or neo\u2010functionalization is a key pathway in plant adaptive evolution. The duplication\u2010degeneration\u2010complementation (DDC) model explains sub\u2010functionalization of paralogs, yet the relative contributions of coding sequence versus cis\u2010regulatory changes remain contested. In this study, we show that a single amino acid substitution (Met30\/Ile30) in the WRC domain drives sub\u2010functionalization of poplar paralogs PagGRF29 and PagGRF10, demonstrating a key role for coding changes. Met30 confers high DNA\u2010binding capacity and represents the ancestral state, whereas Ile30 severely impairs DNA binding. Evolutionary analysis reveals residue 30 as a conserved tuning site, with the degenerative Ile30 variant emerging during plant terrestrialization. Despite impaired DNA binding, PagGRF10 physically interacts with PagGRF29 to form a complementary module: PagGRF29 alone enhances drought tolerance at growth expense, while the PagGRF29\u2010PagGRF10 complex promotes biomass accumulation with reduced stress resilience. Thus, the Met30\/Ile30 switch drives the resolution of duplicated genes through DNA\u2010binding\u2010based functional specialisation and cooperative regulatory module formation, orchestrating the growth\u2010stress trade\u2010off. This pattern represents an extended manifestation of the DDC framework, combining asymmetric sub\u2010functionalization with interaction\u2010mediated functional innovation. Our study demonstrates how a single\u2010amino\u2010acid substitution can drive paralog specialisation, offering mechanistic insight into the evolutionary fates of duplicated genes in plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.70820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T10:17:17Z","timestamp":1787134637000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Single Amino Acid Divergence Drives Functional Specialisation of Homologous GRFs in Populus"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2129-4685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haofei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology Beijing Forestry University Beijing China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology Beijing Forestry University Beijing China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology Beijing Forestry University Beijing China"},{"name":"The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration Beijing Forestry University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jifan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology Beijing Forestry University Beijing China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology Beijing Forestry University Beijing China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology Beijing Forestry University Beijing China"},{"name":"The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration Beijing Forestry University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruoting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology Beijing Forestry University Beijing China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology Beijing Forestry University Beijing China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology Beijing Forestry University Beijing China"},{"name":"The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and 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Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology Beijing Forestry University Beijing China"},{"name":"The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration Beijing Forestry University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8849-2366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deqiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology Beijing Forestry University Beijing China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology Beijing Forestry University Beijing China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of 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