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Despite substantial advances, the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying gall formation remain incompletely understood. This review synthesizes current knowledge on gall induction, focusing insect\u2010derived signals, phytohormonal regulation, host developmental reprogramming, nutrient manipulation, and defense modulation. Evidence from physiological, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic studies indicates that gall development involves extensive reprogramming of host cellular, developmental, metabolic, and defense\u2010related pathways. Altered auxin and cytokinin dynamics are associated with abnormal cell proliferation, tissue differentiation, vascular reorganization, and nutrient sink establishment, while gall\u2010inducing wasps modulate host defenses through changes in oxidative signaling, secondary metabolism, and gene expression. Host genotype influences gall outcomes, with resistant plants exhibiting stronger defenses and restricted gall development. Collectively, available evidence suggests that gall formation results from the coordinated interaction of developmental, hormonal, metabolic, and defense\u2010related processes. However, candidate insect\u2010derived effectors may trigger phytohormonal alterations, nutrient sink formation, and defense modulation, collectively contributing to the reprogramming of host tissues into specialized organs that support insect development. Future multi\u2010omics and functional studies are needed to identify key drivers of gall induction and host manipulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.70869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T06:24:43Z","timestamp":1788848683000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Plant Developmental Reprogramming by Hymenopteran Gall Wasps: From Biochemical Signals to Molecular Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7078-8177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Kamran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro\u2010Environment and Agric\u2010Products Safety, College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2066-8070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Preeti","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Plant Pathology, Tissue Culture and Biotechnology Laboratory University of Rajasthan Jaipur Rajasthan India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6087-3863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin\u2010Bo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro\u2010Environment and Agric\u2010Products Safety, College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9160-6400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro\u2010Environment and Agric\u2010Products Safety, College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1035-1520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan\u2010Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro\u2010Environment and Agric\u2010Products Safety, College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0687-3550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun\u2010Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab for Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests and Their Ecological Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences Zhejiang A&amp;F University Hangzhou Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7461-3999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gina Aliya","family":"Sopha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Horticulture, National Research and Innovation Agency, Kawasan Sains dan Teknologi (KST) Soekarno Kabupaten Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3956-4498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiong Zhao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Environment Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1093-0941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xia\u2010Lin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro\u2010Environment and Agric\u2010Products Safety, College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8298.2011.00510.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00305316.2007.10417504"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-019-01079-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguiar A. 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