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We combined field observations and a controlled drought\u2010heat growth chamber experiment to investigate how these stressors independently and jointly affect drought\u2010 and heat\u2010tolerance physiology in seedlings of montane conifer species from drought\u2010 and wildfire\u2010prone regions in the southern Sierra Nevada. In both the field and growth chamber experiment, we found that exposure to elevated leaf temperatures in post fire\u2010like environments dwarfed the effect of physiological adjustments in heat tolerance (temperatures causing initial impairment (T\n                    <jats:sub>crit<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) or 50% loss (T\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) of photosystem II capacity) and drought tolerance (turgor loss point). In the field, this resulted in narrower thermal safety margins across five conifer species in burn scars with no remaining canopy, while in the growth chamber experiment three species showed narrower or even negative thermal and hydraulic safety margins. In the growth chamber experiment, leaf temperatures were also frequently decoupled from air temperature, highlighting that biophysical feedbacks between leaf temperature and transpiration may amplify seedling water loss even under stomatal closure. For both the field and growth chamber experiment, we found no evidence of a trade\u2010off between drought and heat tolerance within or among species. Among species, seedlings of the range\u2010restricted\n                    <jats:italic>Sequioadendron giganteum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (giant sequoia) were observed to be the most vulnerable to combined drought and heat stress in the growth chamber experiment. Our results highlight that direct thermal stress may strongly constrain post\u2010fire conifer regeneration and underscore the need to integrate seedling energy balance and microclimate into predictions of post\u2010fire recovery and management strategies, especially for vulnerable species such as giant sequoia.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.70886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:39:38Z","timestamp":1791290378000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Regeneration After Severe Wildfire: Hotter Microclimates Exceed Hydraulic and Thermal Tolerances in Sierra Nevada Conifer Seedlings"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0830-2148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly L.","family":"Kerr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science Institute University of California Santa Barbara California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7903-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna T.","family":"Trugman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography University of California Santa Barbara California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5144-7254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leander D. L.","family":"Anderegg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17640"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fire3020022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2018.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2012.01751.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12374"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"Bates D. M.Maechler B.Bolker et al.2019. 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