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Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)\u2010CRISPR\u2010associated proteins (Cas) have changed the situation, shifting microalgal research from random transgene integration toward precise editing of the genes that mediate photosynthesis, stress responses and environmental acclimation. This work reviews how CRISPR\u2010Cas has been applied across microalgal lineages to (i) dissect genes involved in stress response and photosynthesis, (ii) streamline genomes through large\u2010scale deletions, (iii) build stress\u2010tolerant chassis that retain photosynthetic performance under unsatisfactory conditions and (iv) reprogramme lipid, pigment and high\u2010value compound pathways. We then discuss the determinants of editing efficiency, including single\u2010guide RNA design, Cas nuclease choice and engineering, species\u2010specific delivery, host physiology (cell\u2010wall architecture, cell cycle phase and stress\u2010induced repair\u2010pathway shifts) as well as screening workflows using endogenous markers and high\u2010throughput phenotyping. We propose that integrating species\u2010specific multi\u2010omics analyses, artificial intelligence\u2010assisted design and precise and controllable editing strategies will further enhance the ability of CRISPR\u2010Cas systems to elucidate photosynthetic regulatory networks and environmental response mechanisms in microalgae, while facilitating the optimisation of microalgal metabolic traits and the engineering of environmental adaptability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.70903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:28:32Z","timestamp":1791268112000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CRISPR\u2010Cas Tools for Dissecting and Engineering Environmental Responses in Microalgae"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Wenyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography Shenzhen University Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography Shenzhen University Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2596-8515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhangli","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography Shenzhen University Shenzhen China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Substances and Health Products from Medicinal Edible Resources, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering Hanshan Normal University Chaozhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8719-0372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Song","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology Southeast University Nanjing 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