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These secondary metabolites provide an intense colour to the gland cavity, appearing as dark dots on the surfaces of various cotton organs or tissues. Gossypol and its derivatives serve as phytoalexins, contributing to plant defence against pests and diseases. However, the direct roles of pigment glands in responses to biotic stresses still need to be clarified. Recent advances in multi\u2010omics and molecular biology have enabled us to elucidate the mechanisms underlying pigment gland formation and development, gossypol biosynthesis, and the role of gossypol in biotic stress responses in cotton. Morphologically, the pigment gland is composed of a layer of secretory cells surrounded by two to three layers of flattened sheath cells, formed via programmed cell death of gland primordia. Pigment gland formation is governed by numerous glandular genes, which constitute a regulatory network that precisely controls gland morphogenesis, gossypol biosynthesis, and enhanced stress resistance. Rational utilisation of pigment glands could improve the value of cotton fibre and cottonseeds. The multifunctionality of pigment gland formation\u2010related genes, encompassing growth and development, stress responses, and cottonseed edibility, provides a theoretical basis for genetic engineering and future research directions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.70905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:26:02Z","timestamp":1791181562000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pigment Glands as a Developmental and Metabolic Hub in Cotton: Gossypol Biosynthesis, Biotic Stress Defence, and Breeding Strategies"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2089-0931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feifei","family":"Yi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio\u2010breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Science, College of Agronomy, Henan University Kaifeng China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2810-9521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio\u2010breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Science, College of Agronomy, Henan University Kaifeng China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1850-583X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department SIAS University Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2324-0387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Da'an Agro\u2010ecosystem National Observation Research Station, Changchun Jingyuetan Remote Sensing Experiment Station, State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0347-9075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingfan","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio\u2010breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Science, College of Agronomy, Henan University Kaifeng China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5916-7564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio\u2010breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Science, College of Agronomy, Henan University Kaifeng China"},{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00249"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01092517"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.12856"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2005.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2004.03.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15835\/nbha3813497"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.13249"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/agro\/2008024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-97.5.1710"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.14018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1995.0038"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22095007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2025.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-016-2707-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xplc.2025.101628"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(95)00771-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(95)00067-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","first-page":"64","article-title":"Fatty Acid Profiles of Cottonseed Genotypes From the National Cotton Variety Trials","volume":"14","author":"Dowd M. 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