{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:55:00Z","timestamp":1790574900089,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2024\u2010157049OB\u2010I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2024\u2010157049OB\u2010I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Plant Cell &amp;amp; Environment"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Polyamines are key regulators of plant stress responses, yet their contribution to coordinating local immune responses with systemic immunity remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated how spermine (Spm) homeostasis influences local and systemic defence responses in\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                    following inoculation with\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas syringae<\/jats:italic>\n                    pv.\n                    <jats:italic>tomato<\/jats:italic>\n                    DC3000 expressing AvrRpm1 (\n                    <jats:italic>Pst<\/jats:italic>\n                    AvrRpm1), which elicits both pattern\u2010 and effector\u2010triggered immune responses.\n                    <jats:italic>Pst<\/jats:italic>\n                    AvrRpm1 reconfigured polyamine metabolism, notably inducing\n                    <jats:italic>SPERMINE SYNTHASE<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>SPMS<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and\n                    <jats:italic>POLYAMINE OXIDASE 4<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>PAO4<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) expression and promoting a metabolic shift toward Spm biosynthesis and oxidation. Loss of Spm biosynthesis in the\n                    <jats:italic>spms<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, lipid peroxidation and hypersensitive cell death following\n                    <jats:italic>Pst<\/jats:italic>\n                    AvrRpm1 inoculation, but reduced systemic resistance and altered the resistance\u2010inducing activity and metabolite composition of petiole exudates, including lower relative abundance of salicylic acid and pipecolic acid. Likewise,\n                    <jats:italic>pao4<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutants showed altered systemic resistance and petiole\u2010exudate composition, consistent with a contribution of Spm oxidation to defence\u2010associated metabolic outputs. In addition, exogenous Spm elicited dose\u2010dependent local cell death and enhanced systemic resistance, both partly dependent on PAO4, and triggered coordinated transcriptional reprogramming of defence\u2010, redox\u2010 and hormone\u2010associated pathways. Together, our findings support a model in which balanced Spm biosynthesis and PAO4\u2010dependent oxidation contribute to a productive redox window that supports controlled local cell death, defence\u2010gene activation, SAR\u2010associated metabolic outputs and systemic immunity. These results highlight the importance of Spm homeostasis in plant immunity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.70927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T04:57:36Z","timestamp":1790571456000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perturbation of Spermine Homoeostasis Uncouples Hypersensitive Cell Death From Systemic Plant Immunity"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Section of Plant Physiology Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Research Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA\u2010UB) Universitat de Barcelona Santa Coloma de Gramenet Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kostadin E.","family":"Atanasov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Section of Plant Physiology Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Research Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA\u2010UB) Universitat de Barcelona Santa Coloma de Gramenet Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5834-3829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Jauregui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centres Cient\u00edfics i Tecnol\u00f2gics de la Universitat de Barcelona (CCiTUB) Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3567-7586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Alc\u00e1zar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Section of Plant Physiology Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Research Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA\u2010UB) Universitat de Barcelona Santa Coloma de Gramenet Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru016","article-title":"A Plant Spermine Oxidase\/Dehydrogenase Regulated by the Proteasome and Polyamines","volume":"65","author":"Ahou A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Botany"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-010-1130-0","article-title":"Polyamines: Molecules With Regulatory Functions in Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance","volume":"231","author":"Alc\u00e1zar R.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.4161\/psb.6.2.14317","article-title":"Polyamine Metabolic Canalization in Response to Drought Stress in Arabidopsis and the Resurrection Plant Craterostigma plantagineum","volume":"6","author":"Alc\u00e1zar R.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Signaling and Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9112373","article-title":"Polyamines: Small Amines With Large Effects on Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance","volume":"9","author":"Alc\u00e1zar R.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.704","article-title":"Natural Variation at Strubbelig Receptor Kinase 3 Drives Immune\u2010Triggered Incompatibilities Between Arabidopsis thaliana Accessions","volume":"42","author":"Alc\u00e1zar R.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.15.00496","article-title":"Pipecolic Acid Orchestrates Plant Systemic Acquired Resistance and Defense Priming via Salicylic Acid\u2010Dependent and \u2010Independent Pathways","volume":"28","author":"Bernsdorff F.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-070623-110056","article-title":"Polyamines: Their Role in Plant Development and Stress","volume":"75","author":"Bl\u00e1zquez M. 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