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This study investigated physiological and anatomical stomatal responses across 2 years of large\u2010scale field trials under water\u2010limitation and warming treatments. Across both seasons, stomatal conductance (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) declined under stress, reflecting strong environmental constraint on gas\u2010exchange (water\u2010limitation: \u221226.9%; warming\u2010treatment: \u221213.8%). Partitioning responses by surface identified the adaxial surface as the dominant contributor to\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    variation and the most stress responsive. Despite increases in theoretical anatomical gas\u2010exchange capacity (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>smax<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    ), stomatal conductance efficiency (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>se<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) declined, indicating decoupling between anatomical capacity and realised conductance. Drought reduced stomatal size while increasing density whereas warming increased size and density, yet both responses maintained gas\u2010exchange capacity. Moderate\u2010to\u2010high heritability was observed for anatomical traits (water\u2010limitation: 0.13\u20130.57; warming\u2010treatment: 0.42\u20130.71), contrasting with lower, less stable heritability for\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    (water\u2010limitation: 0.13\u20130.41; warming\u2010treatment: 0.13\u20130.50). Genome\u2010wide\u2010association\u2010mapping identified 60 putative QTLs, predominantly for anatomical traits. Candidate loci on chromosomes 7B, 2B, 3B and 5\u2009A emerged as pleiotropic genomic intervals influencing stomatal anatomy across environments. These findings indicate that wheat maintains anatomical gas\u2010exchange capacity while dynamically regulating realised conductance under stress, highlighting anatomically stable stomatal traits as promising breeding targets for climate resilience and yield stability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.70974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:46:12Z","timestamp":1792655172000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Field\u2011Based Dissection of Stomatal Anatomy and Conductance Reveals Stable QTL Under Drought and Heat in Wheat"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1665-9857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"Chaplin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emi","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Finance, Actuarial Studies and Statistics Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8979-6786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Merchant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Sznajder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0105-875X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Trethowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1653-5192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Salter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"The Australian Plant Phenomics Network The University of Sydney Narrabri New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11081646"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"945","article-title":"Morpho\u2010Physiological Characterization of Spring Wheat Genotypes Under Drought Stress","volume":"15","author":"Baloch M. 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