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Although the role of ET in stress signalling is well established, its effects on stomatal responses remain paradoxical. ET induces stomatal closure in some contexts yet antagonizes abscisic acid\u2010mediated closure in others. While diverse studies have reported that ET regulates stomatal responses, the differential role of ET in stomatal signalling has not been reconciled into a unified framework. Here, we synthesize current evidence into a bidirectional model of ET\u2010dependent stomatal regulation, in which ET signalling produces two antagonistic outputs: a closure pathway driven by G\u03b1\u2010dependent, RBOHD\/F\u2010mediated H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    production and downstream NO and H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S signals acting via SLAC1\u2010type anion channels; and an opposing pathway in which EIN2\u2010dependent flavonol accumulation scavenges guard\u2010cell ROS, thereby antagonizing stomatal closure. Additionally, the differential role of ET across species, dosages and stress conditions, as well as the compensatory role of ET in stomatal closure when ABA signalling is compromised is also discussed. This review offers novel insights into the function of ET in stomatal regulation and provides a mechanistic foundation for harnessing ET signalling to optimize the trade\u2010off between plant growth and stress resilience.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.70981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T06:18:00Z","timestamp":1792045080000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ethylene as a Stomatal Signalling Hub: Integrating Hormonal and Stress Signals to Optimize Stomatal Responses"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1558-5059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanveer Ahmad","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Menglun Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Menglun Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Menglun Yunnan China"},{"name":"School of Agriculture Yunnan University Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Ziyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Menglun Yunnan China"},{"name":"School of Agriculture Yunnan University Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3103-162X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Menglun Yunnan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcm172"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0438070100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.110.076588"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.70423"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.14590"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.18918"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.15651"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-0509-6-146"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.REV120.010854"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.09.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.241.4869.1086"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.12107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-053124-045147"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.201900267"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2006.02842.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2018.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.12809"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800980105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10071067"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/plcell\/koac241"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12261"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M305548200"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2020.110679"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.12799"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912030107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2024.112363"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erae060"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq431"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2024.0244"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0733970100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-016-9099-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jipb.12004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2023.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eraf052"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.104.045221"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15592324.2020.1782051"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/err204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10112347"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1214848109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2015.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.91.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1438-8677.2008.00054.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90119-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.111.179997"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-042809-112226"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdg277"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.067084"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2025.121807"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.70196"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erad309"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","first-page":"145","article-title":"[NO 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