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Two neuroendocrine systems, the eye\/alpha\u2010melanocyte\u2010stimulating hormone (\u03b1\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSH<\/jats:styled-content>) and the pineal complex\/melatonin circuits, regulate the process through their respective dispersion and aggregation of pigment granules (melanosomes) in skin melanophores. During development, <jats:italic>Xenopus laevis<\/jats:italic> tadpoles raised on a black background or in the dark perceive less light sensed by the eye and darken in response to increased \u03b1\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSH<\/jats:styled-content> secretion. As embryogenesis proceeds, the pineal complex\/melatonin circuit becomes the dominant regulator in the dark and induces lightening of the skin of larvae. The eye\/\u03b1\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSH<\/jats:styled-content> circuit continues to mediate darkening of embryos on a black background, but we propose the circuit is shut down in complete darkness in part by melatonin acting on receptors expressed by pituitary cells to inhibit the expression of <jats:italic>pomc<\/jats:italic>, the precursor of \u03b1\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSH<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,31]],"date-time":"2017-03-31T03:25:27Z","timestamp":1490930727000},"page":"413-423","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Interaction and developmental activation of two neuroendocrine systems that regulate light\u2010mediated skin pigmentation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6154-9513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel E.","family":"Bertolesi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy Hotchkiss Brain Institute Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute University of Calgary  Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi N.","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy Hotchkiss Brain Institute Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute University of Calgary  Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Atkinson\u2010Leadbeater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Mount Royal University  Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung\u2010Lynn J.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy Hotchkiss Brain Institute Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute University of Calgary  Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"McFarlane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy Hotchkiss Brain Institute Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute University of Calgary  Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-008-8541-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.132.3438.1481-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(63)90048-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/10.2.201"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"98","volume-title":"Chromatophore control II","author":"Bagnara J. 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