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In this study, we investigated the mechanism underlying the whitening effects of PDT on melanocytes (MCs) in vitro and in vivo. Exposure of MCs to PDT in vitro reduced their melanin content and tyrosinase activity without, however, affecting cell survival. Interestingly, melanogenesis was also inhibited by exposing MCs to conditioned media of PDT\u2010treated keratinocytes or dermal fibroblasts. This paracrine effect was likely due to a decreased release of melanocyte\u2010stimulating cytokines such as Kit ligand and hepatocyte growth factor from these cells. Furthermore, we observed that PDT reduced mottled hyperpigmentation of photoaged patient skin in vivo, highlighting the clinical importance of skin whitening by PDT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,17]],"date-time":"2017-10-17T08:58:36Z","timestamp":1508230716000},"page":"277-286","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Photodynamic therapy inhibits melanogenesis through paracrine effects by keratinocytes and fibroblasts"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3764-1111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sue Kyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Ajou University School of Medicine  Suwon Korea"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology Seoul Medical Center  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung\u2010Jae","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Ajou University School of Medicine  Suwon Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Graduate School Ajou University  Suwon Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Se\u2010Yeon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Ajou University School of Medicine  Suwon Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Graduate School Ajou University  Suwon Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Woo\u2010Jung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Ajou University School of Medicine  Suwon Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Graduate School Ajou University  Suwon Korea"},{"name":"Ellead Skin &amp; Bio Research Ellead Co., Ltd. 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