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In this review, we analyse the roles of melanopsins, and how critical evolutionary developments, including the requirement for thermoregulation and ultraviolet protection, the emergence of a background adaptation mechanism in land\u2010dwelling amphibian ancestors and the loss of a photosensitive pineal gland in mammals, may have helped sculpt the mechanisms that regulate light\u2010controlled skin pigmentation. These mechanisms include melanopsin in skin pigment cells directly inducing skin darkening for thermoregulation\/ultraviolet protection; melanopsin\u2010expressing eye cells controlling neuroendocrine circuits to mediate background adaptation in amphibians in response to surface\u2010reflected light; and pineal gland secretion of melatonin phased to environmental illuminance to regulate circadian and seasonal variation in skin colour, a process initiated by melanopsin\u2010expressing eye cells in mammals, and by as yet unknown non\u2010visual opsins in the pineal gland of non\u2010mammals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,14]],"date-time":"2017-12-14T01:12:43Z","timestamp":1513213963000},"page":"354-373","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Seeing the light to change colour: An evolutionary perspective on the role of melanopsin in neuroendocrine circuits regulating light\u2010mediated skin pigmentation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6154-9513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel E.","family":"Bertolesi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy University of Calgary  Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"McFarlane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy University of Calgary  Calgary AB 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