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Although the presence and roles of numerous CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell subsets have been described, the presence of Th9 cells and more importantly, roles of IL\u20109 on melanocyte functions are not explored yet. Here, we quantified the T helper cell subsets including Th9 cells in vitiligo patients by multicolor flowcytometry. There was an increased frequency of skin\u2010homing (CLA<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) and systemic (CLA<jats:sup>\u2010<\/jats:sup>) Th9 cells in vitiligo patients compared to healthy donors. However, there was no difference in Th9 cell frequency in vitiligo patients with early and chronic disease. There was negligible IL\u20109 receptor (IL\u20109R) expression on human primary melanocytes (HPMs); however, IFN\u03b3 upregulated IL\u20109R expression on HPMs. Functionally, IL\u20109\/IL\u20109R signaling reduced the production of IFN\u03b3\u2010induced toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HPMs. There was no effect of IL\u20109 on expression of genes responsible for melanosome formation (<jats:italic>MART1, TYRP1,<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>DCT<\/jats:italic>), melanin synthesis (<jats:italic>TYR<\/jats:italic>), and melanocyte\u2010inducing transcription factor (<jats:italic>MITF<\/jats:italic>) in HPMs. In conclusion, this study identifies the presence of Th9 cells in vitiligo and their roles in reducing the oxidative stress of melanocytes, which might be useful in designing effective therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T01:14:19Z","timestamp":1617930859000},"page":"966-972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Presence and the roles of IL\u20109\/Th9 axis in vitiligo"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Sushant","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences &amp; Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay) Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soumitra","family":"Marathe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences &amp; Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay) Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bhavuk","family":"Dhamija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences &amp; Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay) Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uddhao","family":"Zambare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin and Venereal Diseases Department TNMC and BYL Nair Charitable Hospital Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richa","family":"Bilala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin and Venereal Diseases Department TNMC and BYL Nair Charitable Hospital Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanyogita","family":"Warang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin and Venereal Diseases Department TNMC and BYL Nair Charitable Hospital Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chitra","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin and Venereal Diseases Department TNMC and BYL Nair Charitable Hospital Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3319-0309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahul","family":"Purwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences &amp; Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay) Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.15.1.563"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2010.03972.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.11.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800823"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6877-0_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60763-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.463"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2475530318788943"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2011.00945.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-19-0894"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","volume-title":"Use of Th9 cells and IL\u20109 for the treatment of melanoma: Google patents","author":"Kupper T. 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