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One of these is to shield DNA from harmful ultraviolet radiation, which is achieved by skin pigmentation arising as melanin is produced and dispersed within the epidermal layer. This is a crucial defence against DNA damage, photo\u2010ageing and skin cancer. The mechanisms and regulation of melanogenesis and melanin transfer involve extensive crosstalk between melanocytes and keratinocytes in the epidermis, as well as fibroblasts in the dermal layer. Although the predominant mechanism of melanin transfer continues to be debated and several plausible models have been proposed, we and others previously provided evidence for a coupled exo\/phagocytosis model. Herein, we performed histology and immunohistochemistry analyses and demonstrated that a newly developed full\u2010thickness three\u2010dimensional reconstructed human pigmented skin model and an epidermis\u2010only model exhibit dispersed pigment throughout keratinocytes in the epidermis. Transmission electron microscopy revealed melanocores between melanocytes and keratinocytes, suggesting that melanin is transferred through coupled exocytosis\/phagocytosis of the melanosome core, or melanocore, similar to our previous observations in human skin biopsies. We, therefore, present evidence that our\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    models of pigmented human skin show epidermal pigmentation comparable to human skin. These findings have a high value for studies of skin pigmentation mechanisms and pigmentary disorders, whilst reducing the reliance on animal models and human skin biopsies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.13039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T19:19:40Z","timestamp":1648149580000},"page":"425-435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Reconstructed human pigmented skin\/epidermis models achieve epidermal pigmentation through melanocore transfer"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1579-1488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEDOC \u2013 Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, NMS Universidade NOVA de Lisboa  Lisboa Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Lopes\u2010Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica (ITQB) Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL)  Oeiras Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matilde V.","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEDOC \u2013 Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, NMS Universidade NOVA de Lisboa  Lisboa Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Charneca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEDOC \u2013 Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, NMS Universidade NOVA de Lisboa  Lisboa Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Zoio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica (ITQB) Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL)  Oeiras Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel C.","family":"Seabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEDOC \u2013 Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, NMS Universidade NOVA de Lisboa  Lisboa Portugal"},{"name":"UCL Institute of Ophthalmology University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abel","family":"Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica (ITQB) Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL)  Oeiras Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnol\u00f3gica (iBET)  Oeiras Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8867-2407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duarte C.","family":"Barral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEDOC \u2013 Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, NMS Universidade NOVA de Lisboa  Lisboa 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