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It has been recommended that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MM<\/jats:styled-content> patients with deficient levels of 25(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OH<\/jats:styled-content>)<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> be given vitamin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>. We examine possible beneficial or detrimental effects of treating established cancer with vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>. We consider the likely biological determinants of cancer outcome, the reported effects of vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> on these in both cancerous and non\u2010cancerous settings, and how the effect of vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> might change depending on the integrity of tumour vitamin D receptor (VDR) signalling. We would argue that the effect of defective tumour VDR signalling could result in loss of suppression of growth, reduction of anti\u2010tumour immunity, with potential antagonism of the elimination phase and enhancement of the escape phase of tumour immunoediting, possibly increased angiogenesis but continued suppression of inflammation. In animal models, having defective VDR signalling, vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> administration decreased survival and increased metastases. Comparable studies in man are lacking but in advanced disease, a likely marker of defective VDR signalling, studies have shown modest or no improvement in outcome with some evidence of worsening. Work is needed in assessing the integrity of tumour VDR signalling and the safety of vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> supplementation when defective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.13040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T03:50:26Z","timestamp":1650513026000},"page":"408-424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Consideration of possible effects of vitamin D on established cancer, with reference to malignant melanoma"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Peter E.","family":"Hutchinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Leicester Royal Infirmary  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James H.","family":"Pringle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicester Cancer Research Centre University of Leicester  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2004.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/957878"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.8.5126"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"Unfavorable effect of calcitriol and its low\u2010calcemic analogs on metastasis of 4T1 mouse mammary gland cancer","volume":"52","author":"Anisiewicz A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Oncology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2018.1445766"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2310\/JIM.0b013e31821b8755"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2017.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jsre.2001.6221"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2010.03.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/123.1.144"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2003.05.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.coc.0000136020.27904.9c"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11179"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.06.8197"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.9.4974"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2010.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11211"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","first-page":"2735","article-title":"Decreased VDR expression in cutaneous melanomas as marker of tumor progression: New data and analyses","volume":"34","author":"Brozyna A. 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