{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:26:19Z","timestamp":1790803579475,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) or leptomeningeal metastases (LM) occurs when tumor cells invade the leptomeningeal and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space. Melanoma is the most common cancer causing LMD (M\u2010LMD). Its biology and pathophysiology are very poorly understood. Research efforts are being made to explore the mechanisms underlying the immune landscape and antitumor response in LMD. The significant advances in immunocellular and targeted therapies in unresectable or metastatic melanoma in the last decade have not translated to patients with LMD and the prognosis for these patients remains dismal. While several reviews in LMD have provided an overview including challenges in diagnosis and treatment, herein we highlight evidence\u2010based findings with a focus on immunocellular and radiation therapies, as well as the challenges that we need to overcome to help breach the existing gap in research and treatments in M\u2010LMD. This could potentially guide additional research avenues and a better understanding of the needs and challenges of M\u2010LMD to find novel therapies and improve patient survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.70082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T06:20:02Z","timestamp":1776666002000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A New Era in Leptomeningeal Disease (\n                    <scp>LMD<\/scp>\n                    ): Recent Advancements in Immunocellular and Radiation Therapies in Melanoma\n                    <scp>LMD<\/scp>\n                    , What Has Been Done and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9588-2725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pratiksha","family":"Patra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University of South Florida  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Jacome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center &amp; Research Institute  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamran A.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation\u2010Oncology H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center &amp; Research Institute  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan T.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation\u2010Oncology New York University School of Medicine  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inna","family":"Smalley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism and Physiology H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center &amp; Research Institute  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Forsyth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuro\u2010Oncology H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center &amp; Research Institute  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Pi\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center &amp; Research Institute  Tampa Florida USA"},{"name":"Department of Neuro\u2010Oncology H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center &amp; Research Institute  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33459"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adro.2023.101377"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2019.08.1392"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415\u2010012\u20106488\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591\u2010020\u20100918\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010021\u201025859\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.75.9589"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.02767"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.9839"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/not114"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2018.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(21)01206\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc\u20102022\u2010005755"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz2193"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","volume-title":"Neurologic Complications of Cancer","author":"DeAngelis L. 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