{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T06:19:38Z","timestamp":1768803578877,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,30]],"date-time":"2013-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to compare the symptomatic and clinical features of depression among five groups of patients with major depressive disorder (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDD<\/jats:styled-content>) living in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>hina, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<\/jats:styled-content>orea, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>alaysia\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>ingapore, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>aiwan, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>hailand.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Consecutive consenting adults (aged 18\u201365) who met <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DSM\u2010IV<\/jats:styled-content> criteria for non\u2010psychotic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDD<\/jats:styled-content> \u2013 based on the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>ini <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>nternational <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>europsychiatric <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>nterview \u2013 and who were free of psychotropic medication were evaluated in a cross\u2010sectional study. Depressive symptoms were evaluated using the 10\u2010item <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>ontgomery\u2013<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>sberg <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>epression <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>ating <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>cale (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MADRS<\/jats:styled-content>) and the 13\u2010item depression subscale of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>ymptoms <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>hecklist 90\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>evised (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201090\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>). In addition, the 10\u2010item <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201090\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R A<\/jats:styled-content>nxiety <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>ubscale was completed. <jats:sc>ancova<\/jats:sc> were conducted, adjusting for confounders: age, completion of secondary education, marital status, work status, religion, index episode duration, and depressive severity. For the magnitude of differences, a threshold of 0.10 was taken as theminimum effect size representing clinical significance, and an effect size of 0.25 was considered moderate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MADRS<\/jats:styled-content> symptoms differentiated these five groups, the most prominent being \u2018lassitude\u2019 and \u2018inner tension\u2019. Nine <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201090\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content> depression items also differentiated the groups, as did eight <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201090\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R A<\/jats:styled-content>nxiety <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>ubscale items. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MADRS<\/jats:styled-content> lassitude item had the largest effect size (0.131). The rest of those statistically significant differences did not exceed 0.10.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDD<\/jats:styled-content> is more similar than different among outpatients in these diverse <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>sian countries. The between\u2010country differences, while present and not due to chance, are small enough to enable the use of common clinician and self\u2010report rating scales in studies involving <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>sians with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDD<\/jats:styled-content> from various ethnic backgrounds.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,30]],"date-time":"2013-10-30T07:02:56Z","timestamp":1383116576000},"page":"245-254","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Differences in psychiatric symptoms among <scp>A<\/scp>sian patients with depression: A multi\u2010country cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Ahmad H.","family":"Sulaiman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dianne","family":"Bautista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Medical School Duke\u2010National University of Singapore  Singapore"},{"name":"Singapore Clinical Research Institute Woodbridge Hospital  Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chia\u2010Yih","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Chang Gung Medical Center and Chang Gung University  Tao\u2010Yuan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pichet","family":"Udomratn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine Prince of Songkla University  Songkhla Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae Nam","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine Inha University Hospital  Incheon Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiru","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mood Disorders Shanghai Mental Health Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong C.","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mental Health Woodbridge Hospital  Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shen\u2010Ing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine Mackay Memorial Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North West Specialist Centre  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edwin","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Medical School Duke\u2010National University of Singapore  Singapore"},{"name":"Singapore Clinical Research Institute Woodbridge Hospital  Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Si","family":"Tian\u2010mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Institute of Mental Health  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin Pyo","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manit","family":"Srisurapanont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University  Chiang Mai Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. 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