{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:07:30Z","timestamp":1790834850614,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,18]],"date-time":"2014-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1403049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content>) was previously considered refractory to most types of therapeutic intervention. There is now, however, ample evidence that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and behavior therapy are highly effective methods for treatment of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content>. Furthermore, recent neurobiological studies of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content> have found a close correlation between clinical symptoms, cognitive function, and brain function. A large number of previous neuroimaging studies using positron emission tomography, single\u2010photon emission computed tomography or functional magnetic resonance imaging (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">fMRI<\/jats:styled-content>) have identified abnormally high activities throughout the frontal cortex and subcortical structures in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content>. Most studies reported excessive activation of these areas during symptom provocation. Furthermore, these hyperactivities were decreased after successful treatment using either selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or behavioral therapy. Based on these findings, an orbitofronto\u2010striatal model has been postulated as an abnormal neural circuit that mediates symptomatic expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content>. On the other hand, previous neuropsychological studies of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content> have reported cognitive dysfunction in executive function, attention, nonverbal memory, and visuospatial skills. Moreover, recent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">fMRI<\/jats:styled-content> studies have revealed a correlation between neuropsychological dysfunction and clinical symptoms in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content> by using neuropsychological tasks during <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">fMRI<\/jats:styled-content>. The evidence from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">fMRI<\/jats:styled-content> studies suggests that broader regions, including dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior regions, might be involved in the pathophysiology of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content>. Further, we should consider that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content> is heterogeneous and might have several different neural systems related to clinical factors, such as symptom dimensions. This review outlines recent neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content>. We will also describe several neurobiological models that have been developed recently. Advanced findings in these fields will update the conventional biological model of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,24]],"date-time":"2014-04-24T12:23:17Z","timestamp":1398342197000},"page":"587-605","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":209,"title":["Neurobiological model of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: Evidence from recent neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Nakao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayo","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigenobu","family":"Kanba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"1209","article-title":"A controlled trial of fluvoxamine in obsessive\u2010compulsive disorder: Implications for a serotonergic theory","volume":"147","author":"Jenike MA","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. 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