{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:59:49Z","timestamp":1776128389253,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to analyze in detail the clinical phenomenology of paroxysmal non\u2010epileptic events (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNEE<\/jats:styled-content>) in infants and toddlers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We studied all children aged \u22642 years who were diagnosed with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNEE<\/jats:styled-content> based on video\u2010electroencephalographic (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VEEG<\/jats:styled-content>) recordings. We analyzed the following four clinical domains of each clinical event: (i) motor manifestations (body\/limb jerking, complex motor, and asymmetric limb posturing); (ii) oral\/vocal (crying, vocalization, sighing); (iii) behavioral change (arrest of activity, staring); (iv) and autonomic (facial flushing, breath holding).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010one of 81 (38.3%) infants and toddlers had 38 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNEE<\/jats:styled-content> recorded during the study period (12 girls and 19 boys, mean age 10.5 months). The predominant clinical features were as follows: motor in 26\/38 events, oral\/verbal in 14\/38 events, behavioral in 11\/38 events, and autonomic in 8\/38 events. Epileptic seizures and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNEE<\/jats:styled-content> coexisted in four children (12.9%). Seventeen children (54.8%) had one or more risk factors suggestive of epilepsy. Twelve children (38.7%) had a normal neurologic examination, 10 (32.3%) had developmental delay, and eight (25.8%) had a family history of epilepsy or seizures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VEEG<\/jats:styled-content> recorded <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNEE<\/jats:styled-content> in nearly 40% of 81 infants and toddlers referred for unclear paroxysmal events in our cohort. Non\u2010epileptic staring spells and benign sleep myoclonus were the most common events recorded, followed by shuddering attacks and infantile masturbation. In addition, greater than one\u2010half of the infants and toddlers had risk factors, raising a concern for epilepsy in the family and prompting the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VEEG<\/jats:styled-content> evaluation, suggesting that paroxysmal non\u2010epileptic seizures may frequently coexist in young children with epilepsy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,9]],"date-time":"2014-10-09T08:37:52Z","timestamp":1412843872000},"page":"351-359","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Paroxysmal non\u2010epileptic events in infants and toddlers: A phenomenologic analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elia M. Pestana","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Epilepsy Section Epilepsy Center Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute  Cleveland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Tuxhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Epilepsy Department of Pediatrics Rainbow Babies and Children's University Hospital Case Medical Center  Cleveland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asim","family":"Shahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Epilepsy Department of Pediatrics Rainbow Babies and Children's University Hospital Case Medical Center  Cleveland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans O.","family":"L\u00fcders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center Neurological Institute University Hospital Case Medical Center Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01200.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.2000.00496.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(09)60403-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.85.4.480","article-title":"Psychogenic seizures in children and adolescents: Outcome after diagnosis by ictal video and electroencephalographic recording","volume":"85","author":"Wyllie E","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1992.tb04023.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.153.3.244"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2001.tb00758.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.4.e46"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(94)00115-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1999.tb00789.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","volume-title":"Atlas and Classification of Electroencephalography","author":"L\u00fcders H","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088307389901400801"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Neonatal seizures: Early\u2010onset seizure syndromes and their consequences for development","volume":"6","author":"Mizrahi EM","year":"2000","journal-title":"MRDD Res. 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