{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T20:36:52Z","timestamp":1789591012338,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,9]],"date-time":"2015-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1423440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite having a univocal definition, obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content>) shows a remarkably phenotypic heterogeneity. The published reports show impaired decision\u2010making in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content> patients, using tasks such as the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>owa Gambling Task (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGT<\/jats:styled-content>). We wanted to verify the hypothesis of an <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGT<\/jats:styled-content> worse performance in a large sample of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content> patients and healthy control (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HC<\/jats:styled-content>) subjects and to examine the relation between neuropsychological performance in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGT<\/jats:styled-content> and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content> symptoms heterogeneity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Binary data from the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Y<\/jats:styled-content>ale\u2013<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>rown <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">O<\/jats:styled-content>bsessive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ompulsive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>cale collected on a large sample of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content> patients were analyzed using a multidimensional item response theory model to explore the underlying structure of data, thus revealing latent factors. Factor scores were categorized into quartiles. Then, for each factor, we identified patients respectively with the highest versus lowest score. We evaluated whether symptom dimensions affect the probability of a correct answer over time generalized, during <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGT<\/jats:styled-content> performance, fitting a generalized linear mixed model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found a general deficit in ambiguous decision\u2010making in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content> compared to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HC<\/jats:styled-content>. Moreover, our findings suggested that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content> symptoms heterogeneity affects decision\u2010making learning abilities during <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGT<\/jats:styled-content>. In fact, while \u2018Symmetry\u2019 and \u2018Washing\u2019 patients showed a learning curve during the task, other subgroups did not.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study confirmed previous findings suggesting that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content> is characterized by a deficit in decision\u2010making under uncertainty. Moreover, our study gave evidence about biological specificity for each symptom dimension in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content>. Data were discussed in the context of the somatic marker hypothesis, which was hypothesized to be reduced in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCD<\/jats:styled-content> patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]],"date-time":"2014-12-19T08:52:18Z","timestamp":1418979138000},"page":"402-410","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Evaluating effect of symptoms heterogeneity on decision\u2010making ability in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Riccardo Maria","family":"Martoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences San Raffaele Scientific Institute  Milan Italy"},{"name":"Decision Theory in Neuroscience Vita\u2010Salute San Raffaele University  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Brombin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology Vita\u2010Salute San Raffaele University  Milan Italy"},{"name":"CUSSB University Center for Statistics in the Biomedical Sciences Vita\u2010Salute San Raffaele University  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Nonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CUSSB University Center for Statistics in the Biomedical Sciences Vita\u2010Salute San Raffaele University  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia Carlotta","family":"Salgari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences San Raffaele Scientific Institute  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Buongiorno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences San Raffaele Scientific Institute  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Cavallini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences San Raffaele Scientific Institute  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Galimberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences San Raffaele Scientific Institute  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Bellodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences San Raffaele Scientific Institute  Milan Italy"},{"name":"Faculty of Psychology Vita\u2010Salute San Raffaele University  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Factor analysis of symptom subtypes of obsessive compulsive disorder and their relation to personality and tic disorders","volume":"55","author":"Baer L","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. 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