{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T01:39:18Z","timestamp":1782783558750,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,23]],"date-time":"2015-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1424649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>A few neuroimaging studies have demonstrated the key brain areas associated with generalized anxiety disorder (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAD<\/jats:styled-content>). However, the brain metabolic changes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DLPFC<\/jats:styled-content>) of patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAD<\/jats:styled-content> are unclear. This study utilized 3\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>esla proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRS<\/jats:styled-content>) to assess the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DLPFC<\/jats:styled-content> metabolic change and its correlation with symptom severity in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAD<\/jats:styled-content> diagnosed using the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DSM\u2010IV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TR<\/jats:styled-content> and age\u2010matched healthy controls participated in this study. Brain metabolite concentrations were measured from a localized voxel on the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DLPFC<\/jats:styled-content> using 3\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>esla <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRS<\/jats:styled-content>. Also, the volumetric composition of the gray matter and white matter volumes was assessed using voxel\u2010based morphometry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The choline\/creatine and choline\/<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>\u2010acetylaspartate ratios were significantly lower in patients than in controls. However, there were no significant differences in other metabolite ratios between the two groups. Choline concentrations were negatively correlated with anxiety levels as measured by the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>amilton <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>nxiety <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>ating <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>cale and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>eneralized <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>nxiety <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>isorder <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>cale 7. There was no significant difference in the gray matter and white matter volumes in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRS<\/jats:styled-content> voxel between the two groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study demonstrates that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAD<\/jats:styled-content> is associated with low a level of choline\/<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>\u2010acetylaspartate in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DLPFC<\/jats:styled-content>, which is closely related with symptom severity and cognitive dysfunction. This finding will be useful for an understanding of the neural mechanism associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,22]],"date-time":"2015-01-22T03:50:22Z","timestamp":1421898622000},"page":"422-430","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Metabolic change in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and its correlation with symptom severity in patients with generalized anxiety disorder: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 3 <scp>T<\/scp>esla"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Chung\u2010Man","family":"Moon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medical Imaging Chonnam National University Medical School  Gwangju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heoung\u2010Keun","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Chonnam National University Hospital Chonnam National University Medical School  Gwangju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwang\u2010Woo","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medical Imaging Chonnam National University Medical School  Gwangju Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Radiology Chonnam National University Hospital Chonnam National University Medical School  Gwangju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2008.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e31803111f2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.09.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2011.46"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712002383"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000100"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.6.1119"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2012.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2011_197"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000347090"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","volume-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM\u2010IV Axis I Disorders. 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