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However, since around 2000, a novel form of depression has emerged among Japanese youth. Called \u2018modern type depression (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MTD<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2019 by the mass media, the term has quickly gained popularity among the general public, though it has not been regarded as an official medical term. Likewise, lack of consensus guidelines for its diagnosis and treatment, and a dearth of scientific literature on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MTD<\/jats:styled-content> has led to confusion when dealing with it in clinical practice in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">J<\/jats:styled-content>apan. In this review article, we summarize and discuss the present situation and issues regarding <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MTD<\/jats:styled-content> by focusing on historical, diagnostic, psychosocial, and cultural perspectives. We also draw on international perspectives that begin to suggest that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MTD<\/jats:styled-content> is a phenomenon that may exist not only in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">J<\/jats:styled-content>apan but also in many other countries with different sociocultural and historical backgrounds. It is therefore of interest to establish whether <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MTD<\/jats:styled-content> is a culture\u2010specific phenomenon in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">J<\/jats:styled-content>apan or a syndrome that can be classified using international diagnostic criteria as contained in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICD<\/jats:styled-content> or the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DSM<\/jats:styled-content>. We propose a novel diagnostic approach for depression that addresses <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MTD<\/jats:styled-content> in order to combat the current confusion about depression under the present diagnostic systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,9]],"date-time":"2015-09-09T07:32:46Z","timestamp":1441783966000},"page":"7-23","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Multidimensional anatomy of \u2018modern type depression\u2019 in <scp>J<\/scp>apan: A proposal for a different diagnostic approach to depression beyond the <scp>DSM<\/scp>\u20105"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Takahiro A.","family":"Kato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University  Fukuoka Japan"},{"name":"Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation Kyushu University  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryota","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development United Graduate School of Child Development Osaka University  Osaka Japan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine  Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Hayakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Kubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motoki","family":"Watabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business Monash University  Bandar Sunway Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan R.","family":"Teo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health and Neurosciences Division VA Portland Health Care System  Portland USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine Oregon Health &amp; Science University  Portland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigenobu","family":"Kanba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2005.00587.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"Quick Reference to the Diagnostic Criteria from DSM\u2010IV\u2010TR","author":"American Psychiatric Publishing","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.06.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"Sociocultural approach toward depression \u2013 Dysthymic type depression","volume":"13","author":"Tarumi S","year":"2005","journal-title":"Jpn Bull. 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