{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T20:34:18Z","timestamp":1785530058127,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,18]],"date-time":"2016-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many studies have reported that the prevalence of mental illness and cognitive disability is higher among homeless individuals compared to the general population, and the rates of mental illness among the homeless population have recently increased. This study: (i) compares causes of homelessness or barriers to escaping homelessness for people with\/without mental illness\/cognitive disability; (ii) reveals problems with the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">J<\/jats:styled-content>apanese homeless policy; and (iii) proposes an effective and necessary support system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The participants were 114 homeless individuals. A psychiatric diagnostic interview and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">W<\/jats:styled-content>echsler <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>dult <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>ntelligence <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>cale, version <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">III<\/jats:styled-content> were used to measure participants\u2019 mental health and cognitive abilities. A questionnaire was administered comprising 17 items related to the causes of their homelessness and barriers to escaping from it. Participants were divided into four groups \u2013 with\/without mental illness or cognitive disability \u2013 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>isher's exact test was used to compare the questionnaire results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals with cognitive disabilities considered bad relationships with their family members to be the cause of their homelessness. Conversely, normal individuals considered their homelessness to be the result of debt more so than did individuals with mental problems. Individuals with mental illness had more difficulties escaping homelessness than did either normal individuals or individuals with cognitive disability. This tendency was observed most strongly among individuals with both mental illness and cognitive disability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most homeless individuals considered economic problems to be the cause of their homelessness; however, difficulties with human relationships were also important factors and were more difficult for participants to acknowledge. Furthermore, these difficulties were exacerbated among those individuals with mental problems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,25]],"date-time":"2016-10-25T04:02:51Z","timestamp":1477368171000},"page":"180-188","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Causes of homelessness prevalence: <scp>R<\/scp>elationship between homelessness and disability"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Nishio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Administration Center  Gifu Japan"},{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychopathology Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University  Gifu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Horita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Administration Center  Gifu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadahiro","family":"Sado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Administration Center  Gifu Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Promotional Sciences Tokoha University  Hamamatsu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seiko","family":"Mizutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing Nihon Fukushi University  Tokai Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midori Hospital  Gifu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryosuke","family":"Uehara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yoshida Hospital  Nara Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayumi","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Administration Center  Gifu Japan"},{"name":"United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences Gifu University  Gifu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"71","article-title":"Mental health service for homeless: Patient profile and factors associated with suicide and homicide","volume":"105","author":"Dunne E","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ir. 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