{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T20:29:16Z","timestamp":1775161756468,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,21]],"date-time":"2018-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1526860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Impulsivity, which significantly affects social adaptation, is an important target behavioral characteristic in interventions for attention\u2010deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Typically, people are willing to wait longer to acquire greater rewards. Impulsivity in ADHD may be associated with brain dysfunction in decision\u2010making involving waiting behavior under such situations. We tested the hypothesis that brain circuitry during a period of waiting (i.e., prior to the acquisition of reward) is altered in adults with ADHD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The participants included 14 medication\u2010free adults with ADHD and 16 healthy controls matched for age, sex, IQ, and handedness. The behavioral task had participants choose between a delayed, larger monetary reward and an immediate, smaller monetary reward, where the reward waiting time actually occurred during functional magnetic resonance imaging measurement. We tested for group differences in the contrast values of blood\u2010oxygen\u2010level dependent signals associated with the length of waiting time, calculated using the parametric modulation method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>While the two groups did not differ in the time discounting rate, the delay\u2010sensitive contrast values were significantly lower in the caudate and visual cortex in individuals with ADHD. The higher impulsivity scores were significantly associated with lower delay\u2010sensitive contrast values in the caudate and visual cortex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results suggest that deficient neural activity affects decision\u2010making involving reward waiting time during intertemporal choice tasks, and provide an explanation for the basis of impulsivity in adult ADHD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]],"date-time":"2018-04-24T10:40:41Z","timestamp":1524566441000},"page":"580-590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Deficient neural activity subserving decision\u2010making during reward waiting time in intertemporal choice in adult attention\u2010deficit hyperactivity disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Ayako","family":"Todokoro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saori C.","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Kawakubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noriaki","family":"Yahata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Molecular Imaging Center National Institute of Radiological 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