{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T15:40:52Z","timestamp":1774280452864,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prescription opioids are psychoactive substances that can elicit many neuropsychological effects. There are no studies that directly demonstrate the effects of prescription opioid addiction (POA) on the human brain. This study aimed to quantify \u03b3\u2010aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (Glu) levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of POA patients using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (<jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H\u2010MRS), and to explore their association with impulsive behavior and cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010five patients with a definitive clinical diagnosis of codeine\u2010containing cough syrup dependence and 35 matched healthy controls underwent neuropsychological assessments, namely the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS\u201011) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA). Point\u2010resolved spectroscopy was performed to detect GABA and glutamate within the medial PFC, and the corresponding levels were estimated using jMRUI and corrected for fraction of cerebrospinal fluid in the <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H\u2010MRS voxel. The difference in metabolite levels between groups and the correlation between metabolite levels and psychometric scores in patients were analyzed statistically.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The peak level predominantly consisting of GABA with a relatively small influence of other chemicals (GABA+) was lower and that of glutamate was higher in the PFC of POA patients than in healthy controls. GABA+ levels correlated negatively with BIS\u201011 scores but correlated positively with MoCA scores. In contrast, glutamate levels showed a positive correlation with BIS\u201011 scores but no significant correlation with MoCA scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The quantitative <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> measurement of GABA and glutamate levels in the PFC by <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H\u2010MRS could be a reliable way to evaluate impulsivity and cognitive function of POA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]],"date-time":"2019-10-10T06:03:27Z","timestamp":1570687407000},"page":"77-83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Prefrontal GABA and glutamate levels correlate with impulsivity and cognitive function of prescription opioid addicts: A <sup>1<\/sup>H\u2010magnetic resonance spectroscopy study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Jian\u2010Neng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi\u2010Long","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging Center Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1342-860X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Long","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Guangdong Provincial Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Guangzhou Medical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.02.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"375","article-title":"Neurobiology of addictive behaviors and its relationship to methadone maintenance","volume":"67","author":"Stimmel B","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mt. 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