{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T16:14:11Z","timestamp":1783354451896,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008667","name":"SENSHIN Medical Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H27"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008667","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prevalence estimates of neurodevelopmental disorders have been calculated by questionnaire surveys scored by a single rater, which introduces inherent rater biases. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence and comorbidity rates of four neurodevelopmental disorders based on both parent and teacher rating scales.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a community sample survey recruiting 3852 children aged 6 to 9\u2009years. Parents and teachers evaluated clinical conditions in children using questionnaire\u2010style scales. These scales with cut\u2010off values were used to estimate the prevalence and comorbidity rates of attention deficit hyperactive disorder, autism spectrum disorder, specific learning disorder (or developmental dyslexia), and developmental coordination disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence estimates were separately confirmed according to the raters. Some estimates were higher than those in previous studies conducted in other countries. We also found a large disagreement between the parent and teacher rating scores. Moreover, the degree of agreement between two raters varied depending on the severity of the child's clinical condition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These estimates are the first findings based on evaluating children by two different raters. The prevalence and comorbidity estimates are informative for researchers and clinicians of pediatric neurology. The disagreements between two different raters raise questions about previous estimates of neurodevelopmental disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]],"date-time":"2019-10-28T10:13:25Z","timestamp":1572257605000},"page":"118-123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Prevalence estimates of neurodevelopmental disorders in Japan: A community sample questionnaire study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Yosuke","family":"Kita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Cognitive Brain Research Unit (CBRU), Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumiko","family":"Ashizawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Day\u2010Care Service \u2018Tsukushi\u2019 Tokyo Kasei University  Sayama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masumi","family":"Inagaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3482"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt261"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6706a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.239"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e31819e7203"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Estimated prevalence of autism and other developmental disabilities following questionnaire changes in the 2014 National Health Interview Survey","volume":"87","author":"Zablotsky B","year":"2015","journal-title":"Natl. 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