{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:53:11Z","timestamp":1770749591260,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]],"date-time":"2020-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15K09805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15K09805"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15K15433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15K15433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16K10196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16K10196"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is effective for psychiatric disorders. However, its action mechanism remains unclear. We previously reported that transcription factor 7 (TCF7) was increased in patients successfully treated with ECT. TCF7 regulates Wnt pathway, which regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is involved in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Astrocytes play a role in adult hippocampal neurogenesis via neurogenic factors. Of astrocyte\u2010derived neurogenic factors, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) activate Wnt pathway. In addition, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), released from excited neurons, activates astrocytes. Therefore, we hypothesized that ECT might increase LIF and\/or FGF2 in astrocytes. To test this, we investigated the effects of ATP and electric stimulation (ES) on LIF and FGF2 expressions in astrocytes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Astrocytes were derived from neonatal mouse forebrain and administered ATP and ES. The mRNA expression was estimated with quantitative reverse\u2010transcription polymerase chain reaction. Protein concentration was measured with ELISA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>ATP increased LIF, but not FGF2, expression. Multiple ES, but not single, increased LIF expression. Knockdown of P2X2 receptor (P2X2R) attenuated ATP\u2010induced increase of LIF mRNA expression. In contrast, P2X3 and P2X4 receptors intensified it.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>P2X2R may mediate ATP\u2010induced LIF expression in astrocytes and multiple ES directly increases LIF expression in astrocytes. Therefore, both ATP\/P2X2R and multiple ES\u2010induced increases of LIF expression in astrocytes might mediate the efficacy of ECT on psychiatric disorders. Elucidating detailed mechanisms of ATP\/P2X2R and multiple ES\u2010induced LIF expression is expected to result in the identification of new therapeutic targets for psychiatric disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]],"date-time":"2020-02-05T11:53:25Z","timestamp":1580903605000},"page":"311-317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["ATP and repetitive electric stimulation increases leukemia inhibitory factor expression in astrocytes: A potential role for astrocytes in the action mechanism of electroconvulsive therapy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Soichiro","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Osaka Medical College  Takatsuki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3898-8945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuken","family":"Boku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine  Kobe Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Okazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine  Kobe Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Kikuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Osaka Medical College  Takatsuki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshito","family":"Mizoguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Saga University Faculty of Medicine  Saga Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Monji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Saga University Faculty of Medicine  Saga Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ikuo","family":"Otsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine  Kobe Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ichiro","family":"Sora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine  Kobe Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tetsufumi","family":"Kanazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Osaka Medical College  Takatsuki Japan"},{"name":"Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akitoyo","family":"Hishimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine  Kobe Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Yoneda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Osaka Medical College  Takatsuki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMct075234"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12050648"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2011.564653"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141564"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00228-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12604"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12242"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000234"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.18.5.2474"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.198"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2360"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00700-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"527","article-title":"Identification and characterization of rat Wnt6 and Wnt10a genes in silico","volume":"15","author":"Katoh Y","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. 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