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Subjects were reassessed a mean of 3\u2009years later (2017\u20132018) for potential conversion to BD as assessed by the MINI\u2010Plus. Lifetime cocaine use was assessed using the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the second wave, we had 117 (20%) losses, and 468 patients were reassessed. The rate of conversion from MDD to BD in 3\u2009years was 12.4% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u200958). A logistic regression analysis showed that the risk for conversion from MDD to BD was 3.41\u2010fold higher (95% confidence interval, 1.11\u201310.43) in subjects who reported lifetime cocaine use at baseline as compared to individuals who did not report lifetime cocaine use at baseline, after adjusting for demographic and clinical confounders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings showed that lifetime cocaine use is a potential predictor of conversion to BD in an MDD cohort. Further studies are needed to assess the possible underlying mechanisms linking exposure to cocaine with BD conversion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,19]],"date-time":"2020-04-19T07:12:23Z","timestamp":1587280343000},"page":"418-423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Lifetime cocaine use is a potential predictor for conversion from major depressive disorder to bipolar disorder: A prospective study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Taiane","family":"de Azevedo Cardoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry &amp; Behavioural Neurosciences McMaster University  Hamilton Canada"},{"name":"Department of Health and Behavior Catholic University of Pelotas  Pelotas Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT\u2010TM)  Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Behavior Catholic University of Pelotas  Pelotas Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT\u2010TM)  Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thaise C.","family":"Mondin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Behavior Catholic University of Pelotas  Pelotas Brazil"},{"name":"Federal University of Pelotas  Pelotas Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Pedrotti Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Behavior Catholic University of Pelotas  Pelotas Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT\u2010TM)  Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suelen","family":"de Lima Bach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Behavior Catholic University of Pelotas  Pelotas Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9114-7037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo A.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Behavior Catholic University of Pelotas  Pelotas Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT\u2010TM)  Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciano D.","family":"de Mattos Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Behavior Catholic University of Pelotas  Pelotas Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT\u2010TM)  Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7772-7396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicent","family":"Balanz\u00e1\u2010Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Valencia, CIBERSAM  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benicio N.","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry &amp; Behavioural Neurosciences McMaster University  Hamilton Canada"},{"name":"Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare  Hamilton Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flavio","family":"Kapczinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry &amp; Behavioural Neurosciences McMaster University  Hamilton Canada"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT\u2010TM)  Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12204"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12609"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12499"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n0209"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2005.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12686"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12513"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","unstructured":"HughesA WilliamsMR LipariRN Van HornS. 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