{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:49:42Z","timestamp":1790423382205,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent cognitive neuroscience research shows that noninvasive brain stimulation can modify a wide range of behaviors in healthy people. Such regulation effects on human behaviors provide new insights into the neurobiology of cognitive processes and establish causal brain\u2013behavior relations. Here, we aimed to examine the effects of transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) of the prefrontal cortex on risk\u2010taking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a systematic search on the PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases with appropriate keywords for original studies reporting the use of TES to modulate risk\u2010taking behavior in healthy individuals. Then, in the meta\u2010analysis phase, a random\u2010effects model was used to measure the pooled effect size (ES).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty articles were evaluated as eligible studies, including 16 articles on transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), two on transcranial alternating current stimulation, one on transcranial pulsed current stimulation, and one on high\u2010definition tDCS. A meta\u2010analysis showed a pooled estimated standardized ES of \u22120.20 (95% confidence interval [CI], \u20130.39 to \u22120.01), which indicates a small ES for active tDCS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in comparison to sham stimulation (<jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic> =\u20092.31, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =\u20090.03) in terms of less risky behaviors. Subgroup analysis showed that there is no significant ES for bilateral DLPFC stimulation (<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic> =\u2009\u22120.01; 95%CI, \u20130.28 to 0.26), but a significant near\u2010medium ES for unilateral DLPFC stimulation (<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic> =\u2009\u22120.41; 95%CI, \u20130.71 to \u22120.10).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings support a significant impact of neuroregulation of the DLPFC on risk\u2010taking behavior in healthy individuals. Unilateral noninvasive electrical stimulation of the DLPFC can result in a conservative risk\u2010averse response style, probably through modulating plasticity of the relevant brain networks, including cortical and subcortical structures, as well as increasing subcortical dopaminergic activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,16]],"date-time":"2020-05-16T14:17:32Z","timestamp":1589638652000},"page":"455-465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation of prefrontal cortex on risk\u2010taking behavior"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9035-7075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Khaleghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Center Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences  Tehran 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