{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T07:58:46Z","timestamp":1793519926549,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Little is known about early manifestations of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in females, including those who may be overlooked by the current diagnostic criteria. We longitudinally explored sex differences in the trajectories of cognitive and motor functions and adaptive behaviors in children with different levels of autistic traits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The participants were 824 children from the Hamamatsu Birth Cohort for Mothers and Children (HBC Study), Japan, who were classified into three autistic trait groups\u2014low, moderate, and high\u2014based on the Social Responsiveness Scale\u2013Second Edition. Cognitive and motor functions were measured at seven time\u2010points from 0.5 to 3.5\u2009years of age using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning. Adaptive behaviors were measured at five time\u2010points from 2.7 to 9\u2009years of age using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales\u2013Second Edition. Trajectories were depicted using latent growth curve modeling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sex\u2010specific trajectories were observed in the high\u2010autistic\u2010trait group, with only males showing a temporary decline in expressive language around the age of 2\u2009years and a slight improvement thereafter. They also showed a slight improvement around 3\u2009years in the adaptive behavior communication domain but a gradual downward trend later. Females in the high\u2010autistic\u2010trait group showed no distinct manifestation before the age of 3\u2009years but showed a downward trend after 3.5\u2009years in the adaptive behavior communication domain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Females and males with higher autistic traits than their same\u2010sex peers, independent of clinical diagnosis, may have different phenotypes in certain neurodevelopmental domains during infancy and early childhood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T07:09:50Z","timestamp":1673334590000},"page":"282-289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Sex differences in neurodevelopmental trajectories in children with different levels of autistic 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