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This common condition, termed treatment\u2010resistant depression (TRD), severely affects the quality of life of millions of people worldwide, causing long\u2010lasting interpersonal problems and social costs. Given its epidemiological and clinical relevance and the little consensus on whether the neurobiological underpinnings of TRD differ from treatment\u2010sensitive depression (TSD), we sought to highlight the convergent morphometric and functional neuroimaging correlates of TRD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We systematically reviewed the published literature on structural and resting\u2010state functional neuroimaging of TRD compared to TSD and healthy controls (HC) and performed exploratory coordinate\u2010based meta\u2010analyses (CBMA) of significant results separately for each modality and multimodally (\u201call\u2010effects\u201d). CBMAs were also performed for each direction and combining both directions of group contrasts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Out of the initial 1929 studies, only eight involving 555 participants (189 patients with TRD, 156 with TSD, and 210 HC) were included. In all\u2010effects CBMA, precentral\/superior frontal gyrus showed a significant difference between TRD and HC. Functional and structural imaging meta\u2010analyses did not yield statistically significant results. A marginally significant cluster of altered intrinsic activity was found between TRD and HC in the cerebellum\/pons.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Frontal, cerebellar, and brainstem functions can be involved in the pathophysiology of TRD. However, the design and heterogeneity of the (scarce) published literature hinder the generalizability of the findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,15]],"date-time":"2023-01-15T14:08:20Z","timestamp":1673791700000},"page":"252-263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Structural and functional features of treatment\u2010resistant depression: A systematic review and exploratory coordinate\u2010based meta\u2010analysis of neuroimaging studies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2513-2718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Miola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience University of Padova  Padova Italy"},{"name":"Padova Neuroscience Center University of Padova  Padova Italy"},{"name":"Casa di Cura Parco dei Tigli  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1114-3632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Meda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience University of Padova  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Perini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience University of Padova  Padova Italy"},{"name":"Padova Neuroscience Center University of Padova  Padova Italy"},{"name":"Casa di Cura Parco dei Tigli  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Sambataro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience University of Padova  Padova Italy"},{"name":"Padova Neuroscience Center University of Padova  Padova Italy"},{"name":"Padova University Hospital  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.3826","article-title":"Depression is the leading cause of disability around the world","volume":"317","author":"Friedrich MJ","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01231-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-021-00638-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2017.1306082"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709006011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-19981101-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900002224"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00231-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"222","article-title":"Defining treatment\u2010resistant depression: A comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"26","author":"Trevino K","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. 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