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Neuroimaging investigations systematically report that amygdala hyperactivity is the most consistent and reliable neural abnormality in PTSD and following childhood abuse, raising the potential of implementing volitional neural modulation using neurofeedback (NF) aimed at down\u2010regulating amygdala activity. This study aimed to reliably probe limbic activity but overcome the limited applicability of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) NF by using a scalable electroencephalogram NF probe of amygdala\u2010related activity, termed amygdala electrical\u2010finger\u2010print (amyg\u2010EFP) in a randomized controlled trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty\u2010five women with CSA\u2010PTSD who were in ongoing intensive trauma\u2010focused psychotherapy for a minimum of 1\u2009year but still met <jats:italic>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>DSM\u20105<\/jats:italic>) PTSD criteria were randomized to either 10 add\u2010on sessions of amyg\u2010EFP\u2010NF training (test group) or continuing psychotherapy (control group). Participants were blindly assessed for PTSD symptoms before and after the NF training period, followed by self\u2010reported clinical follow\u2010up at 1, 3, and 6 months, as well as one session of amygdala real\u2010time fMRI\u2010NF before and after NF training period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants in the test group compared with the control group demonstrated a marginally significant immediate reduction in PTSD symptoms, which progressively improved during the follow\u2010up period. In addition, successful neuromodulation during NF training was demonstrated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This feasibility study for patients with treatment\u2010resistant CSA\u2010PTSD indicates that amyg\u2010EFP\u2010NF is a viable and efficient intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T15:03:46Z","timestamp":1692889426000},"page":"19-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Amygdala\u2010related electroencephalogram neurofeedback as add\u2010on therapy for treatment\u2010resistant childhood sexual abuse posttraumatic stress disorder: feasibility study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3272-2668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naomi B.","family":"Fine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences Tel\u2010Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"},{"name":"Sagol Brain Institute Tel\u2010Aviv, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging Tel\u2010Aviv Sourasky Medical Center  Tel\u2010Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0141-3785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liat","family":"Helpman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Womens' Reproductive Mental Health research Unit, Psychiatric Department Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center  Tel\u2010Aviv Israel"},{"name":"Department of Counseling and Human Development University of Haifa  Haifa Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daphna Bardin","family":"Armon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lotem Center for Treatment of Sexual Trauma, Department of Psychiatry Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center  Tel\u2010Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Gurevitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sagol Brain Institute Tel\u2010Aviv, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging Tel\u2010Aviv Sourasky Medical Center  Tel\u2010Aviv Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel\u2010Aviv University  Tel\u2010Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gal","family":"Sheppes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences Tel\u2010Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"},{"name":"Sagol School of Neuroscience Tel\u2010Aviv University  Tel\u2010Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zivya","family":"Seligman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lotem Center for Treatment of Sexual Trauma, Department of Psychiatry Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center  Tel\u2010Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talma","family":"Hendler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences Tel\u2010Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"},{"name":"Sagol Brain Institute Tel\u2010Aviv, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging Tel\u2010Aviv Sourasky Medical Center  Tel\u2010Aviv Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel\u2010Aviv University  Tel\u2010Aviv Israel"},{"name":"Sagol School of Neuroscience Tel\u2010Aviv University  Tel\u2010Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miki","family":"Bloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Womens' Reproductive Mental Health research Unit, Psychiatric Department Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center  Tel\u2010Aviv Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel\u2010Aviv University  Tel\u2010Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490050305"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"532","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder: The burden to the individual and to society","volume":"61","author":"Kessler RC","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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