{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T03:21:07Z","timestamp":1790220067652,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R61MH113772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R61MH113772"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP18dm0307008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP18dm0307008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011730","name":"Templeton World Charity Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RA537\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RA537\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011730","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A new closed\u2010loop functional magnetic resonance imaging method called multivoxel neuroreinforcement has the potential to alleviate the subjective aversiveness of exposure\u2010based interventions by directly inducing phobic representations in the brain, outside of conscious awareness. The current study seeks to test this method as an intervention for specific phobia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In a randomized, double\u2010blind, controlled single\u2010university trial, individuals diagnosed with at least two (one target, one control) animal subtype\u2010specific phobias were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to receive one, three, or five sessions of multivoxel neuroreinforcement in which they were rewarded for implicit activation of a target animal representation. Amygdala response to phobic stimuli was assessed by study staff blind to target and control animal assignments. Pretreatment to posttreatment differences were analyzed with a two\u2010way repeated\u2010measures\n                      <jats:sc>anova<\/jats:sc>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 23 participants (69.6% female) were randomized to receive one (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098), three (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097), or five (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097) sessions of multivoxel neuroreinforcement. Eighteen (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20096 each group) participants were analyzed for our primary outcome. After neuroreinforcement, we observed an interaction indicating a significant decrease in amygdala response for the target phobia but not the control phobia. No adverse events or dropouts were reported as a result of the intervention.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results suggest that multivoxel neuroreinforcement can specifically reduce threat signatures in specific phobia. Consequently, this intervention may complement conventional psychotherapy approaches with a nondistressing experience for patients seeking treatment. This trial sets the stage for a larger randomized clinical trial to replicate these results and examine the effects on real\u2010life exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The now\u2010closed trial was prospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with ID NCT03655262.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T07:40:18Z","timestamp":1725262818000},"page":"678-686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A double\u2010blind trial of decoded neurofeedback intervention for specific phobias"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3877-3354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cody A.","family":"Cushing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, UCLA  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hakwan","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RIKEN Center for Brain Science  Wako Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuo","family":"Kawato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International  Kyoto Japan"},{"name":"XNef, Inc.  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle G.","family":"Craske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, UCLA  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Taschereau\u2010Dumouchel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Addictology Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montreal Qu\u00e9bec Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Sant\u00e9 Mentale de Montr\u00e9al  Montreal Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20072"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2007.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088785"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00111"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2013.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00233"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.16060637"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4499"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3940"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-016-0006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1721572115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-072220-014550"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30285-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0520-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23533"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030833"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2012.756803"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.08.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.06.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80475-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2204066119"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","first-page":"84","volume-title":"Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM\u20105 (ADIS\u20105)\u00ae \u2010 Adult Version: Client Interview Schedule 5\u2010Copy Set","author":"Brown T","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.08.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16030353"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01395-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2378-09.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.03.079"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3525-16.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4324"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsz003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20509-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsr038"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","first-page":"482","volume-title":"Anxious: Using the Brain to Understand and Treat Fear and Anxiety","author":"LeDoux J","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2015.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3122"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2014.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00400"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-011-0757-8"}],"container-title":["Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pcn.13726","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T22:50:53Z","timestamp":1735599053000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/pcn.13726"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/pcn.13726"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pcn.13726","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1323-1316","1440-1819"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1323-1316","type":"print"},{"value":"1440-1819","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}