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Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using Cox proportional risk models for 712,850 exposed and 712,850 unexposed participants who were matched 1:1 by propensity score.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>BZDs or Z\u2010hypnotics users had a higher risk of CVD than non\u2010users, with an HR of 1.11 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.13). Compared with non\u2010users, those who used them for less than 3\u2009months had the lowest risk of CVD, and those for more than 5\u2009years had the highest risk, with HRs of 0.50 (0.48, 0.51) and 1.78 (1.72, 1.83), respectively. The risk of CVD was relatively low in those who used only one of the long\u2010acting BZDs, short\u2010acting BZDs, or Z\u2010hypnotics compared to unexposed individuals. Individuals exposed to all three types of drugs had the highest risk, 2.33 (2.22, 2.44) times that of non\u2010users. Users below the median dose had a lower risk of CVD compared to non\u2010users, whereas users exceeding the median dose had an increased risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>BZD or Z\u2010hypnotic use in general was nominally associated with an elevated risk of CVD. However, for short\u2010term, single\u2010type, and low\u2010to\u2010moderate\u2010dose users, not only did this elevated risk disappear, but drug use also demonstrated a protective effect.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T07:14:20Z","timestamp":1726643660000},"page":"776-782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Association of benzodiazepine and Z\u2010hypnotic use with cardiovascular disease risk: insights from a prospective study of 10 million people in China"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4443-712X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruotong","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center  Beijing 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