{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T15:47:39Z","timestamp":1789660059125,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["190510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["190510"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["192480"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["192480"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may be associated with an increased risk of dementia in old age. Here, we investigated the liability for neurodegenerative brain disease in adult ADHD, possibly reflected by increased brain iron content and associated neuroaxonal vulnerability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty\u2010two adults with ADHD (35\u2009\u00b1\u200910\u2009years) and 29 age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched controls (32\u2009\u00b1\u200912\u2009years) underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), standardized psychometric testing and assessment of lifestyle factors. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) was used to assess magnetic abnormalities indicating local alterations of iron deposition in the brain. By calculating QSM\u2010maps, local iron deposition was tested for statistically significant differences between ADHD and healthy controls. Plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL) levels were measured as an indicator of neuroaxonal integrity by using a fourth\u2010generation ELLA immunoassay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Brain iron content differed in persons with ADHD, with strongest effects observable in the right precentral cortex (healthy controls: 0.0033\u2009\u00b1\u20090.0017ppm; ADHD: 0.0048\u2009\u00b1\u20090.0016ppm;\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      (59)\u2009=\u20093.56,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.001). Moreover, right precentral cortex iron in persons with ADHD was associated with increased blood NfL levels (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      (1.57)\u2009=\u200913.2,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.001,\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.19).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results indicate altered regional iron content in the brains of adults with ADHD. The observed association between increased precentral magnetic susceptibility and increased NfL suggests a connection between local excess of brain iron and neuroaxonal damage in ADHD. Given the limited sample size of the current study and the naturalistic medication plan, further longitudinal studies are needed to establish whether altered brain iron distribution in adults with ADHD may be associated with an increased risk of dementia at old age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T09:36:36Z","timestamp":1741685796000},"page":"282-289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Brain iron load and neuroaxonal vulnerability in adult attention\u2010deficit hyperactivity disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6551-8308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jatta","family":"Berberat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geriatric Psychiatry University Hospitals of Geneva (HUG)  Th\u00f4nex Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Geneva (UniGE)  Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroradiology, Kantonsspital Aarau  Aarau Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonja M","family":"Kagerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Geneva (UniGE)  Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Geriatric Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich"},{"name":"Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich  Schlieren Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Sp\u00e4ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Geneva (UniGE)  Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Geriatric Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Department of Radiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging Kennedy Krieger Institute  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Bavato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Gruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroradiology, Kantonsspital Aarau  Aarau Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter CM","family":"van Zijl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Department of Radiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging Kennedy Krieger Institute  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nader","family":"Perroud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Geneva (UniGE)  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Department of Radiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging Kennedy Krieger Institute  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"St\u00e4mpfli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erich","family":"Seifritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl\u2010Olof","family":"L\u00f6vblad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris B","family":"Quednow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6116-3386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul G","family":"Unschuld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geriatric Psychiatry University Hospitals of Geneva (HUG)  Th\u00f4nex Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Geneva (UniGE)  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028013510699"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2007.038448"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054717714057"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12462"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.38088"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1158546"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-014-9251-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"The significance of the default mode network (DMN) in neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders: A review","volume":"89","author":"Mohan A","year":"2016","journal-title":"Yale J. 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