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Identifying how NPS cluster in bvFTD may guide development of future therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009354) with sporadic and genetic bvFTD were enrolled in the ARTFL LEFFTDS Longitudinal Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Consortium. Dementia stage was defined as early (CDR\u00ae plus NACC FTLD \u22641) or advanced (CDR\u00ae plus NACC FTLD \u22651). Baseline and annual follow\u2010up visit data were analyzed to compare NPS across stages of bvFTD. Psychiatric states were captured using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory\u2010Questionnaire and Clinician Judgment of Symptoms. Polychoric cluster analysis was used to describe NPS clusters.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NPS were highly prevalent (\u226590%) in early and late bvFTD. Four NPS clusters were identified based on magnitude of factor loadings: affective, disinhibited, compulsive, and psychosis. Neuropsychiatric symptoms fluctuated across visits. In the affective cluster, depression showed the least visit\u2010to\u2010visit stability. In the disinhibited cluster, elation showed the least stability. Symptoms in the psychosis and compulsive clusters (hallucinations, delusions, obsessions\/compulsions, and hyperorality) were largely stable, persisting from visit\u2010to\u2010visit in more than 50% of cases. Symptoms in the affective and disinhibited cluster were associated with the highest caregiver burden, while symptoms in the obsessive cluster were associated with the most functional impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NPS in bvFTD are frequent and cluster into four discrete groups. The fluctuating nature of some NPS in bvFTD suggests that they may not be reliable markers of disease progression or stage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T07:44:36Z","timestamp":1741851876000},"page":"327-335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Neuropsychiatric symptoms cluster and fluctuate over time in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4600-1802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher B.","family":"Morrow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland 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