{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:39:42Z","timestamp":1792096782950,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020964","name":"Fusion Oriented REsearch for disruptive Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJFR231U"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJFR231U"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020964","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP22wm0525036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22wm0525036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP24wm0625312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24wm0625312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The potential role of autoantibodies in the etiology of schizophrenia is a key research focus because growing evidence suggests an association between immune dysfunction and psychotic disorders. This hypothesis is supported by findings indicating immune\u2010related abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia, including chronic inflammation and genetic alterations associated with immune system dysregulation. Epidemiological studies have reinforced this perspective by demonstrating a significant correlation between autoimmune diseases and schizophrenia, suggesting shared pathological mechanisms including autoantibodies. A particularly compelling line of evidence comes from the identification of autoantibodies targeting synaptic molecules in patients with schizophrenia. Autoantibodies against N\u2010methyl\u2010D\u2010aspartate (NMDA) receptors, gamma\u2010aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1), and neurexin 1 (NRXN1) have been detected in patients, raising the possibility that immune\u2010mediated synaptic dysfunction contributes to the disorder's pathophysiology. Experimental studies support this notion because the administration of these autoantibodies in mice induces molecular, cellular, and behavioral abnormalities that mirror aspects of schizophrenia. This review summarizes the relationships among schizophrenia, inflammation, immune\u2010related genetic factors, autoimmune diseases, and autoantibodies. Furthermore, this review discusses future research directions for further elucidating the role of autoantibodies in schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T13:59:55Z","timestamp":1753192795000},"page":"611-618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Autoantibodies and Inflammation in Schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7503-8044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroki","family":"Shiwaku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Institute of Science Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11030516"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.06.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.163.3.521"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2023.152370"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0220-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx035"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2009.01945.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00476"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp055"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2012.747699"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.09.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.180174"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2024.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001197"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs064"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13595"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16549"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0334-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00763-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3922"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw059"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.116.187195"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.28"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04556-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44319-024-00362-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108126"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21050"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-024-01386-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-024-01387-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0167-10.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2010.07349.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02635-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww208"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113166"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30432-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(24)00249-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00005-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30252-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30375-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4415-13.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70299-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001326"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2021.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws256"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102592"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx175"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2022.100597"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307567100"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.03.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.10.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3725"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2016.54"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2007.054437"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1037777"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.10.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2024.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2024.07.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2024.110286"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000191566.86977.04"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1642-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35013070"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-02853-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208412"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043160"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1065354"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.02053.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2014.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1573397117666211109115120"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-017-8895-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v59n0105"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01541177"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0556-21.2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0708-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.12704"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1991.tb16980.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000235802"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000235801"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000353267"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000370077"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-021-00143-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.150064"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1712"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmr.2759"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8986521"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.160"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01596-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63776-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-018-0093-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2017.1345834"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.07.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2529"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.110"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00543-w"}],"container-title":["Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pcn.13872","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T08:11:00Z","timestamp":1759738260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/pcn.13872"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/pcn.13872"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pcn.13872","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1323-1316","1440-1819"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1323-1316","type":"print"},{"value":"1440-1819","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}