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Animal models have highlighted the role of the paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT) in bipolar disorder (BD) pathophysiology. However, neuropathological investigations in the thalamus in BD remain limited. This study aimed to examine neurodegenerative pathology in the thalamus and medial temporal region including the hippocampus in patients with BD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Postmortem brain tissues of the thalamus and medial temporal region of nine patients with BD and nine age\u2010matched controls were obtained from Matsuzawa Hospital, with additional medial temporal samples of 14 BD cases acquired from the Stanley Foundation Brain Bank. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed using antibodies against phosphorylated tau, amyloid\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010synuclein, TDP\u201043, and granulovacuolar degeneration (GVD) markers including CHMP2B and CK\u20101\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The 23 BD cases exhibited a significantly greater burden of tau pathologies, including higher neurofibrillary tangle Braak stages (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.015) and more severe argyrophilic grain Saito stage (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.029), compared with the nine controls. Notably, CHMP2B\u2010positive GVD was significantly more frequently observed in the PVT of BD cases than in the controls (five of nine vs. zero of nine,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.029).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that neurodegenerative processes, particularly tau pathology and CHMP2B\u2010positive GVD in the PVT may play a role in BD pathophysiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T01:00:13Z","timestamp":1756774813000},"page":"801-807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Increased granulovacuolar degeneration in the thalamus and higher neurofibrillary tangle Braak stages in bipolar disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Akito","family":"Nagakura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1989-2398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ito","family":"Kawakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Molecular Pathology and Histology Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Sciences  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Araki","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo 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