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However, the comparative efficacy and acceptability of stimulation protocols remain unclear. This network meta\u2010analysis (NMA) aimed to compare the efficacy and tolerability of various noninvasive neuromodulation strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a systematic review and NMA of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) enrolling patients with major depressive disorder or bipolar depression, including nine repetitive TMS (rTMS) protocols, three theta burst stimulation (TBS) protocols, as well as tDCS and tFUS. Primary outcomes were response and all\u2010cause discontinuation rates. Subgroup analyses examined treatment\u2010resistant depression (TRD) and monotherapy\n                      <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                      add\u2010on therapy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 129 RCTs (7667 patients; 272 treatment arms) were included. All protocols except low\u2010frequency rTMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) showed higher response rates than sham. tFUS demonstrated the highest response rate (OR: 7.24, 95% CI: 1.35\u201338.47), followed by bilateral rTMS (OR: 5.75, 95% CI: 3.29\u201310.07) and bilateral TBS (OR: 5.37, 95% CI: 2.51\u201311.36), both effective for general depression and TRD. Bilateral TBS showed the highest response rate when administered as monotherapy, whereas bilateral rTMS was most effective as add\u2010on therapy. Most studies (87.6%) were rated as having low or unclear risk of bias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings provide preliminary evidence that bilateral stimulation over DLPFC is more beneficial than unilateral stimulation for treating depressive episodes. Nonetheless, tFUS may represent a highly promising novel intervention warranting further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T12:39:33Z","timestamp":1762864773000},"page":"106-120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparison of multiple non\u2010invasive neuromodulation strategies for depressive episodes in major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder: A systematic review and network meta\u2010analysis of randomized controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Ping","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Institute of Radiology and Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University  Chengdu 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