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While bulk RNA sequencing (bulk RNA\u2010seq) has been widely used to study gene expression, it cannot resolve cell\u2010type\u2010specific signals or detect rare cellular subpopulations. In contrast, single\u2010cell RNA sequencing (scRNA\u2010seq) and single\u2010nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA\u2010seq) have emerged as transformative technologies, enabling transcriptomic profiling at single\u2010cell resolution. These approaches have revealed immunological alterations across a wide range of disorders. This review introduces recent findings from sc\/snRNA\u2010seq studies of immune\u2010related mechanisms in psychiatric disorders\u2014including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder\u2014as well as in neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple sclerosis, and anti\u2010NMDA receptor encephalitis. While sc\/snRNA\u2010seq overcome averaging effects of bulk RNA\u2010seq by resolving cell types, these methods still face challenges. 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