{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:19:38Z","timestamp":1790021978232,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety are leading causes of disability and remain insufficiently treated in many patients. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), traditionally used in neurological care, has emerged as a potential intervention by delivering 100% oxygen at supra\u2010atmospheric pressure to modulate neuroplasticity, inflammation, and cerebral perfusion. We conducted a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of studies evaluating HBOT in adults with psychiatric disorders across three databases. The prespecified primary endpoint was psychiatric symptom severity at treatment's end. Random\u2010effects models were implemented in R (v4.4.0). Seventeen studies (n\u2009=\u2009920) met inclusion criteria; nine randomized control trials (RCTs) contributed to the meta\u2010analysis. For depressive symptoms, HBOT was associated with a large pooled effect (Cohen's\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.82;\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u200982%). A clear dose\u2013response was observed: robust benefit at 2.0 ATA (atmospheres absolute;\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.93) but none at 1.2 ATA. Subgroup analysis by comparator showed significant heterogeneity (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.038): moderate effects\n                    <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                    sham (\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.68), large effects\n                    <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                    usual care\/psychotherapy (\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22121.33), and no significant difference\n                    <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                    antidepressants (\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.60). For anxiety, three studies found a moderate effect (\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.59;\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u200942.8%). Two sham\u2010controlled RCTs in PTSD demonstrated a large effect (\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22121.96;\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090%). Adverse events were mild and transient, mainly ear discomfort and brief anxiety. Evidence remains preliminary, but HBOT shows potential symptom benefits in MDD, anxiety, and PTSD, particularly at therapeutic dosing. However, effects are variable, estimates heterogeneous, and most studies small, highlighting the need for larger, rigorously designed RCTs with standardized protocols and long\u2010term follow\u2010up to establish its role in psychiatric care.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.70077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T04:25:28Z","timestamp":1779423928000},"page":"714-729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effectiveness and safety of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Huda F.","family":"Al\u2010Shamali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AI for Mental Health Program St. Michael's Hospital  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirandeep","family":"Shocker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jahnvi","family":"Thakkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences McMaster University  Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiaowei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AI for Mental Health Program St. Michael's Hospital  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Division of Biostatistics Dalla Lana School of Public Health  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinhard","family":"Janssen\u2010Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AI for Mental Health Program St. Michael's Hospital  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics Dalla Lana School of Public Health  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Granek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Research &amp; Development Canada Toronto Research Centre  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn","family":"Rhind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Research &amp; Development Canada Toronto Research Centre  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin T.","family":"Dunkley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences &amp; Mental Health Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Vallee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Special Operations Forces Command  Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Crouzat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Special Operations Forces Command  Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Jetly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Mental Health Research University of Ottawa, Royal Ottawa Hospital  Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8768-1173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venkat","family":"Bhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AI for Mental Health Program St. Michael's Hospital  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Mental disorders. 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Version 6.5\u20100. Freiburg: Universit\u00e4t Freiburg.2024. [cited 19 July 2025.] Available from URL:https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/meta\/meta.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","unstructured":"HigginsJPT ThomasJ ChandlerJet al. (eds).Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 6.3. London: Cochrane.2022. [cited 25 August 2025.] Available from URL:https:\/\/training.cochrane.org\/handbook."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","unstructured":"WellsGA SheaB O'ConnellDet al.The Newcastle\u2010Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta\u2010analyses. Ottawa: Ottawa Hospital Research Institute.2014. [cited 25 August 2025.] Available from URL:https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:79550924."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","unstructured":"SterneJAC HigginsJPT.The Risk Of Bias In Non\u2010randomized Studies \u2013 of Interventions Version 2 (ROBINS\u2010I V2).2024. Available from URL:https:\/\/www.riskofbias.info\/welcome\/robins-i-v2."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","unstructured":"Joanna Briggs Institute.Checklist for systematic reviews and research syntheses. Adelaide: JBI.2017. 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