{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T11:49:30Z","timestamp":1791805770331,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,26]],"date-time":"2012-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Infantile hemangioma (IH<\/jats:styled-content>) is the most common benign tumor occurring during childhood. We hypothesized that, in addition to already known risk factors, such as female sex, prematurity, and low birthweight (LBW<\/jats:styled-content>), antenatal vaginal bleeding and progesterone therapy would be highly associated with IH<\/jats:styled-content>. We randomly selected 650 individuals with IH<\/jats:styled-content> and matched them with 650 children of the same age and nationality without IH<\/jats:styled-content>. Trained investigators used a standardized questionnaire to collect data from both groups, including demographic, prenatal, and perinatal characteristics. Prematurity (p\u00a0<\u00a0.001, odds ratio [OR<\/jats:styled-content>]\u00a0=\u00a02.22, 95% confidence interval [CI<\/jats:styled-content>]\u00a0=\u00a01.44\u20133.41), LBW<\/jats:styled-content> (p\u00a0<\u00a0.001, OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a03.10, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.87\u20135.16) and female sex (p\u00a0<\u00a0.001, OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a02.06, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.65\u20132.58) were significantly associated with IH<\/jats:styled-content>. Maternal vaginal bleeding during the first trimester was shown to be an independent risk factor according to logistic regression analyses (p\u00a0<\u00a0.001, OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.6, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.36\u20131.91), which was most evident in those receiving progesterone therapy to prevent miscarriage (p\u00a0<\u00a0.001, OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a02.11, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.77\u20132.51). Subgroup analyses revealed that the effect was more pronounced in female than in male infants (OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a02.82, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a02.39\u20133.34). In addition to the known relationships, the present study identified a close relationship between maternal vaginal bleeding and progesterone therapy during early pregnancy and IH<\/jats:styled-content>. Twins appeared to have a higher incidence of IH<\/jats:styled-content> than singletons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.12042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,27]],"date-time":"2012-12-27T01:49:07Z","timestamp":1356572947000},"page":"457-461","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Maternal and Perinatal Risk Factors for Infantile Hemangioma: A Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Xiao Dong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Anomaly Center Group Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Anomaly Center Group Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Anomaly Center Group Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao Xiao","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Anomaly Center Group Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun Bo","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Anomaly Center Group Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao Xi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Anomaly Center Group Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-3840(00)80013-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1953.01540030065006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2007.06168.x-i1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1965.03090180047011","article-title":"Cutaneous hemangiomas in children Diagnosis and conservative management","volume":"194","author":"Margileth 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