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Three major biomedical databases were searched from 1985, when current products were first available, to 2014, focusing on U.S. reports. A total of 579 references remained after duplicates were removed. A search of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration website and labels of approved products were reviewed. A marked decline in the effectiveness of permethrin and synergized pyrethrins was found, probably because of resistance arising from widespread and indiscriminate use, and the emergence of knockdown resistance mutations. The potential toxicity of lindane in the setting of readily available, safer, and more effective alternatives, should limit its use. Prescription products shown to be safe and effective with a single application, without nit combing, are topical ivermectin, malathion, and spinosad, whereas benzyl alcohol requires two applications. Home remedies such as mayonnaise, and essential oils, have not been demonstrated to be safe or effective, and may carry potential for severe adverse events. The high risk of failure of over\u2010the\u2010counter treatments in eliminating head louse infestations drives a need for health care provider recognition of the limitations of current treatments and for judicious use of treatments that remain effective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.12982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,6]],"date-time":"2016-09-06T04:27:33Z","timestamp":1473136053000},"page":"466-472","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Management of Head Louse Infestations in the United States\u2014A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Ellen","family":"Koch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Dermatology Johns Hopkins Medicine Baltimore Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Marshall","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Dermatology Johns Hopkins Medicine Baltimore Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terri L.","family":"Meinking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Association of Miami Miami Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William G.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ryan Mitchell Associates LLC Westfield New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Salt Lake Valley Health Department Salt Lake City Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Yetman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas\u2013Houston Medical School Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyong Sup","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program Southern Illinois University\u2013Edwardsville Edwardsville Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10598405070230050701"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"1535","volume-title":"Pediatric Dermatology","author":"Meinking T","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"CD001165","article-title":"Interventions for treating headlice","volume":"3","author":"Dodd CS","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"CD001165","article-title":"Withdrawn: Interventions for treating headlice","volume":"4","author":"Dodd CS","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2011.01519.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7005.604"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","volume-title":"OPDRA Postmarketing Safety Review","author":"Pitts MR","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","unstructured":"Lindane Prescribing Information [online].http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2003\/006309shampoolbl.pdf(accessed June 13 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2013.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/ME13139"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"894","article-title":"One percent permethrin creme rinse vs 1% lindane shampoo in treating pediculosis capitis","volume":"140","author":"Brandenburg K","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"768","article-title":"Pyrethrins combined with piperonyl butoxide (RID) vs 1% permethrin (NIX) in the treatment of head lice","volume":"142","author":"Carson DS","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.78.8.978"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992289803700103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.3.e30"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0736-8046.2004.21613.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2007.00460.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Statistical Reviews 2010. 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