{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T04:56:03Z","timestamp":1790571363791,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 TR000004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Microbes colonize the skin soon after birth, and the skin microbiome changes over time. However, the effects of bathing and hygiene products on the infant skin microbiome are not well studied. This randomized, single\u2010center trial analyzed the skin microbiome in neonates born vaginally or via cesarean section (c\u2010section), before and after their first bath with or without a mild baby cleanser.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred healthy full\u2010term neonates were randomized to baths with water alone or with mild baby cleanser, stratified by delivery mode. Volar forearm swabs of neonates (before and after first bath) and their mothers were analyzed by 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At birth, neonates born vaginally had greater overall richness of the skin microbiome versus those born via c\u2010section. Vaginally delivered neonates had similar species richness as their mothers, while neonates delivered via c\u2010section had much lower species richness. Shannon diversity was similar regardless of birth mode, but community structure varied. Species richness was similar before and after bath in vaginally delivered neonates, but those born via c\u2010section had higher species richness after their first bath and showed larger changes in community structures, compared with the vaginal group. Whether water alone or baby cleanser was used for the first bath did not greatly affect skin microbiome composition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mode of birth had the largest effect on the skin microbiome composition, richness, and structure. Neonates born via c\u2010section showed the largest post\u2010bath changes in the skin microbiome, while the use of water or baby cleanser had little effect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.70219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:59:56Z","timestamp":1777384796000},"page":"1046-1053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploration of Changes in the Human Skin Microbiome by Mode of Birth and Following First Bath"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Capone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenvue Brands LLC  Summit New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Kuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Newborn Intensive Care Unit, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland  Oakland California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1181-0941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Durand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland  Oakland California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1457-916X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neena K.","family":"Tierney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenvue Brands LLC  Summit New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9843-7769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolyn","family":"Lund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Newborn Intensive Care Unit, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland  Oakland California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168\u2010020\u201000875\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403\u2010017\u20101764\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000444805"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14843"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.13870"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15671"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.168"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002601107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4272"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.14037"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1552\u20106909.12015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14684"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0884217504270651"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552\u20106909.2011.01332.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","first-page":"198","article-title":"Practicing Developmentally Supportive Care During Infant Bathing: Reducing Stress Through Swaddle Bathing","volume":"4","author":"Hall K.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infant"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211305"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb\u20102010\u201011\u201010\u2010r106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372\u2010022\u201001451\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/inf.0000000000002859"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","volume-title":"Escherichia Coli Infection. 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