{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T15:30:22Z","timestamp":1788881422148,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,17]],"date-time":"2014-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1402963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatrics International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Small\u2010for\u2010gestational\u2010age (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SGA<\/jats:styled-content>) newborns are at an increased risk for perinatal morbidity and mortality and development of metabolic syndromes such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>2<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM<\/jats:styled-content>) in adulthood. The mechanism underlying this increased risk remains unclear. In this study, genetic modifications of cord blood were investigated to characterize fetal change in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SGA<\/jats:styled-content> newborns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gene expression in cord blood cells was compared between 10 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SGA<\/jats:styled-content> newborns and 10 appropriate\u2010for\u2010gestational\u2010age (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AGA<\/jats:styled-content>) newborns using microarray analysis. Pathway analysis was conducted using the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>ngenuity <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>athways <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<\/jats:styled-content>nowledge <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>ase. To confirm the microarray analysis results, quantitative real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>) was performed for upregulated genes in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SGA<\/jats:styled-content> newborns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 775 upregulated and 936 downregulated probes were identified in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SGA<\/jats:styled-content> newborns and compared with those in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AGA<\/jats:styled-content> newborns. Of these probes, 1149 were annotated. Most of these genes have been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>2<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM<\/jats:styled-content>. There was good agreement between the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> and microarray analyses results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Expression of certain genes was modified in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SGA<\/jats:styled-content> newborns in the fetal period. These genes have been associated with metabolic syndrome. To clarify the association between modified gene expression in cord blood and individual vulnerability to metabolic syndrome in adulthood, these <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SGA<\/jats:styled-content> newborns will be have long\u2010term follow up for examination of genetic and postnatal environmental factors. Gene expression of cord blood can be a useful and non\u2010invasive method of investigation of genetic alterations in the fetal period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.12324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,10]],"date-time":"2014-03-10T12:57:16Z","timestamp":1394456236000},"page":"559-565","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Intrauterine growth restriction modifies gene expression profiling in cord blood"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Taketoshi","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology Maternal and Perinatal Center Toyama University Hospital  Toyama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ichiro","family":"Takasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Genetics Research Life Science Research Center  Toyama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Kanegane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Toyama  Toyama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satomi","family":"Inomata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology Maternal and Perinatal Center Toyama University Hospital  Toyama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasunori","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Toyama  Toyama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Tamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology Maternal and Perinatal Center Toyama University Hospital  Toyama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masami","family":"Makimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology Maternal and Perinatal Center Toyama University Hospital  Toyama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeru","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Toyama  Toyama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Yoshimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yoshimoto Ladies Clinic  Toyama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshio","family":"Miyawaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Toyama  Toyama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-0134-0.10005-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"615","article-title":"Obstetric characteristics and neonatal performance in a four\u2010year small for gestational age population","volume":"72","author":"Wennergren M","year":"1988","journal-title":"Obstet. 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