{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:00:04Z","timestamp":1790233204819,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,10]],"date-time":"2016-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1455062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatrics International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article reviews the current status of treatment for children with rhabdomyosarcoma, according to the four risk groups. Low\u2010risk subgroup A: the Children's Oncology Group in the USA recently performed a clinical trial consisting of a chemotherapy regimen with a shortened treatment period and a reduced drug dosage. Patients in this group received only four cycles of vincristine and actinomycin D (VA) after four cycles of vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide (VAC) with cyclophosphamide (CPM) 1.2\u2009g\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> and their outcome was no worse than that obtained with previous regimens. Low\u2010risk subgroup B: although marked improvement in survival was seen with an intensive VAC regimen with CPM 2.2\u2009g\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/cycle (Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study [IRS]\u2010V, 1997\u20132004), the total dose of CPM in this regimen caused serious and fatal hepatic veno\u2010occlusive disease during treatment and probably cannot avoid infertility or possible secondary cancer as a late effect. Thereafter, a reduced\u2010dose regimen consisting of four cycles of VAC with CPM 1.2\u2009g\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> followed by 12\u2009cycles of VA was investigated in the next study, but the outcome appeared to be worse than in IRS\u2010V. Intermediate\u2010risk group: no significant difference was found between VAC\/vincristine, topotecan and cyclophispahamide (VTC) and intensive VAC in IRS\u2010V. The results of a subsequent regimen of VAC with CPM 1.2\u2009g\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> alternating with vincristine and irinotecan are awaited. High\u2010risk group: overall survival is approximately 30% and has not improved over the last 25\u2009years. Although 18\u2009month failure\u2010free survival (FFS) was improved with an intensive combination therapy regimen, 36\u2009month FFS dropped to 32% and thus better novel approaches or additive treatments are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.12867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,9]],"date-time":"2015-12-09T12:01:14Z","timestamp":1449662474000},"page":"81-87","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Current status of treatment for pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma in the USA and Japan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Hajime","family":"Hosoi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19880115)61:2<209::AID-CNCR2820610202>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19930301)71:5<1904::AID-CNCR2820710530>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1995.13.3.610"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2001.19.12.3091"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13577140120048890"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.38.5591"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24532"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24435"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/EdBook_AM.2013.33.415"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.08.075"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19970615)79:12<2435::AID-CNCR21>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1992.10.4.614"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(00)00799-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-911X(200006)34:6<413::AID-MPO6>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2001.19.1.197"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-2955"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2013.491"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1491"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2012.46"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"886","article-title":"Rapamycin causes poorly reversible inhibition of mTOR and induces p53\u2010independent apoptosis in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells","volume":"59","author":"Hosoi H","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2010.364"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-0078"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24118"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-006-0638-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.20871"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.9516"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.9509","article-title":"Vincristine (V), dactinomycin (A), and lower doses of cyclophosphamide (C) with or without radiation therapy for patients with newly diagnosed low\u2010risk embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS): A report from the Children's Oncology Group (COG)","volume":"30","author":"Walterhouse D","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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